pRflNKLiN  Institute  Library 

FHIL/lbELFHI/l 


Class  Book  \  I  \  Accession  O 


Article  V. — The  Library  shall  be  divided  into  two  classes;  the  first 
comprising;  such  work  as,  from  their  rarity  of  value,  should  not  be  lent 
out,  all  unbound  periodicals,  and  such  text  books  as  ought  to  be  found 
in  a  library  of  reference  except  when  required  by  Committees  of  the 
Institute,  or  by  members  or  holders  of  second  class  stock,  who  have  ob- 
tained the  sanction  of  the  Committee.  The  second  class  shall  include 
those  books  intended  for  circulation. 

Article  VI. — fhe  Secretary  shall  have  authority  to  loan  to  members 
and  to  holders  of  second  class  stock,  any  work  belonging  to  the  second 
(  LASS,  subject  to  the  following  regulations. 

Section  1. — No  individual  shall  be  permitted  to  l^ave  more  than  two 
hooks  out  at  one  time,  without  a  written  permission,  signed  by  at  least 
two  members  of  the  Library  Committee,  nor  shall  a  book  be  kept  out 
more  than  two  weeks;  but  if  no  one  has  applied  for  it,  the  former  bor- 
rower may  renew  the  loan.  Should  any  person  ha^e  applied  for  it  th^ 
latter  shall  havp  the  preference.  '  • 

Section  2, — A  fixe  often  cents  per  week  shall  be  exacted  for  the 
detention  of  a  book  beyond  the  limited  time;  and  if  a  book  be  not  re- 
turned within  three  months  it  shall  be  deemed  lost,  and  the  borrower 
shall,  in  addition  to  his  fines,  forfeit  its  value. 

Section  3. — Should  any  book  be  returned  injured,  the  borrower  shall 
pay  for  the  injury,  or  replace  the  book,  as  the  Library  Committee  may 
direct ;  and  if  one  or  more  books,  belonging  to  a  set  or  sets,  be  lost,  the 
borrower  shall  replace  them  or  make  full  restitution. 

Article  VII. — Any  person  removing  from  the  hall,  without  permis- 
sion from  the  proper  authorities,  any  book,  newspaper  or  other  property 
in  charge  of  the  Library  Committee,  shall  be  reported  to  the  Committee, 
who  may  inflict  any  fine  not  exceeding  twenty-five  dollars. 

Article  VIII. — No  member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  whose 
annual  contribution  for  the  current  year  shall  be  unpaid  or  who  is  in 
arrears  for  fines,  shall  be  entitled  to  the  privileges  of  the  Library  or, 
Reading  Ivooni.  ■     ■  , 

Ain  iCLi:  IX. — If  any  member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  shall 
refuse  or  neglect  to  comply  with  the  foi^egoing  rules,  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  the  Secretary  to  report  him  to  the  Committee  on  the  I^ibrary. 

Article  X. — Any  member  or  holder  of  second  class  stock,  detected 
in  mutilating  the  newspapers,  pampfilets^r  books  belongirig  to  the  Jtnstir 
tut&  shall  be  deprived  ol'his  right  of  membership,  and  the  name  of  the 
offender  shall  be  made  public.  > 


Moulding  and  Pattern -MaIiI6: 


9t  Practttal  Creative  upon  Pattern^Sl&op 
anU  jfountirp  Wiaxk. 

EMBRACING  THE 

MOULDING  OF  PULLEYS,  SPUR  GExiRS,  WORM  GEARS,  BALANCE- 
WHEELS,  STATIONARY-ENGINE  AND  LOCOMOTIVE  CYLINDERS, 
GLOBE  VALVES,  TOOL  WORK,  MINING  MACHINERY,  SCREW- 
PROPELLERS,  PATTERN-SHOP  MACHINERY,  AND  THE 
LATEST  .  IMPROVEMENTS  IN  ENGLISH  AND 
AMERICAN  CUPOLAS. 

TOGETHER  WITH  A  LARGE  COLLECTION  OP 

ORIGINAL  AND  CAREFULLY  SELECTED  RULES  AND  TABLES^  FOR 
E VERY-DAY  USE  IN  THE  DRAWING-OFFICE,  PATTERN- 
SHOP,  AND  FOUNDRY. 


WITH  165  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


BY 

JOSEPH  P.  MULLIN,  M.K 


NEW  YORK: 
D.   VAN  NOSTRAND,  PUBLISHER, 

23  Murray  Street  and  27  Warren  Street. 

1885. 


Co/^S 
TS 


>  •  •  • 

>  •   *  * 


Copyright,  1885, 
By  D.  VAK  NOSTRAJS'D. 


ELECTROTYPED  BY 
RAND,  AVERY,  AND  COMPANY, 
BOSTON. 


THE  QBrrcr  center 


PEEFAOE. 


In  the  pages  of  this  book  I  have  given  the  result  of  many 
years  of  careful  study,  and  actual  personal  experience,  in 
the  different  branches,  with  the  belief  that  it  would  be  useful 
to  my  fellow-workmen.  The  success  which  has  uniformly 
attended  the  several  operations  detailed  at  length  renders 
them  valuable  to  manufacturers  of  similar  parts ;  and  those 
who  may  wish  to  follow  the  plans  laid  down,  in  their  own 
practice,  can  rest  assured  that  they  are  not  merely  theoreti- 
cal, or  copied  from  other  works  with  slight  alterations  of 
the  text.  I  have  followed  every  piece  in  detail,  from  the 
drawing-room  to  the  finished  casting  ready  for  the  machinist. 
Knowing  the  great  expense  of  such  work,  I  have  not  dared 
to  give  mere  speculations,  which  might  or .  might  not  be 
practically  possible.  ^  I  have  simply  narrated  the  work  of 
my  hands  ;  and  may  say,  without  egotism,  that  those  who 
have  never  undertaken  work  similar  to  that  here  described- 
will  find  my  methods  expeditious  and  economical. 

It  should  be  understood  that  I  do  not  put  this  work, 
forward  as  a  complete  guide  to  pattern-making  in  all  its 
branches,  but  refer  to  this  trade  only  as  it  is  immediately 
connected  with  the  part  directly  under  discussion. 


JOSEPH  P.  MULLIN. 

Aelington,  N.J.,  December,  1881. 


COl^^'TEI^TS. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Page. 

The  Position  of  the  Draughtsman.  —  The  Pattem-Maker  and  his 

Trade.  —  The  Art  of  Moulding  1 


CHAPTER  n. 

Pattern-Shop  Machinery.  —  The  Wood-turning  Lathe.  —  The 
Band-Saw.  —  The  Circular-Saw.  —  The  Buzz-Planer.  —  The 
Grindstone  


CHAPTER  III. 

Standard  Pulleys.  —  Proportion  of  the  Different  Parts  of  Pulleys. 
—  Table  of  Dimensions  of  Standard  Pulleys  from  6'^  to  20" 
inclusive.  —  Table  of  Dimensions  of  Standard  Pulleys  from 
22 to  72 'inclusive. — To  draw  Straight-arm  Pulleys.  —  To 
draw  Curved-arm  Pulleys.  —  To  draw  S-shaped  Arms.  — 
Table  of  Dimensions  of  Standard  Pulleys,  having  Extra 
Heavy  Arms,  from  6''  to  60^'  inclusive,  advancing  by  2".  — 
Pattern-making.  —  Moulding  16 


CHAPTER  IV. 
Moulding  Large  Internal  Flanged  Pulleys  without  a  Pattern     .  27 

CHAPTER  V. 

Moulding  Double-armed  Pulleys  and  Drums  in  Green  Sand,  Dry 

Sand,  and  Loam   ,      .  .33 


VI  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Page. 

Moulding  Large  Spur  Gears  with  Sweeps  and  Segments      .      .  39 


CHAPTER  YII. 

Worm  Gear.  —  Drawing,  Pattern-making,  and  Moulding  the 

Same  45 


CHAPTER  Vni. 

Moulding  Large  Sheave-Wheels,  and  forming  the  Rim  with 

Sweeps  50 


CHAPTER  IX. 
Moulding  Fly-Wheels  without  a  Full  Pattern      .      .      •      .  55 

CHAPTER  X. 

Moulding  Heavy,  Wide-faced  Band-Wheels,  with  Sweeps  and 

Dry-Sand  Cores  60 


CHAPTER  XI. 

Globe- Valves. — Drawing,  Pattern-making,  and  Moulding. — 
Table  of  Dimensions  of  Globe- Valves,  having  Hexagonal 
Flanges,  from  i"  to  ^"  inclusive. — Table  of  Dimensions  of 
Globe- Valves  having  Round  Flanges  and  Bolt-Holes,  from 

to  h\"  inclusive,  advancing     \"  65 


CHAPTER  XII. 

Cylinder  Work.  —  Making  the  Patterns  and  Moulding  Air-Com- 
pressor Cylinder  .73 


CHAPTER  XIII. 


The  Locomotive  Cylinder. — How  to  construct  the  Pattern  and 

Core-Boxes.  —  Moulding,  and  setting  the  Cores     ...  80 


CONTENTS.  \v  >^   Vii  -< 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

Page. 

Two  Ways  of  Moulding  Cylinders.  —  Pattern-making  and  Mould- 
ing Cylinder  with  Piston- Valves  87 


CHAPTER  XV. 

Casting  Steam-jacketed  Cylinders  in  Green  Sand.  —  How  to  make 

the  Patterns  and  Core-Boxes  for  Plain  Slide-Yalve  Cylinders  ,  93 

CHAPTER  XVI. 
Casting  Large  Cylinders  in  Loam  103 

CHAPTER  XVII. 
Tool  Work.  — Pattern-making  and  Moulding  Large  Face-Plates  .  lOT 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

The  Lathe  Spindle,  and  how  to  mould  it.  —  How  to  construct  the 

Pattern  and  Core-Box  113 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

The  Head-Stock.  —  How  to  make  the  Patterns,  and  mould  the 

Same  122 


CHAPTER  XX. 
Mining-Machinery.  —  Casting  Heavy  Mortars  for  Stamp-Mills    .  130 


CHAPTER  XXI. 
Moulding  Large  Hollow  Castings  in  Dry  Sand     ....  137 


viii 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

Page. 

The  Screw-Propeller :  how  to  make  it.  — Drawing.  —  The  Method 
of  laying  out  the  Screw-Propeller.  —  To  determine  the  Devel- 
opment of  the  Thread  or  Angle  of  the  Blade.  —  To  determine 
the  Pitch  of  the  Developed  Screw  on  a  Tangent  Plane.  — 
Pattern-making. — How  to  make  the  Sweep-Board,  and  lay 
out  the  Curved  Guide-Board  for  the  Outer  Helix  of  the  Blade. 
—  Moulding.  —  Building  the  Brickwork,  and  moulding  the 
Blades  146 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

English  and  American  Cupola-Practice.  —  Stewart's  Patent  Rapid 

Cupola.  — The  Colliau  Cupola  155 


CHAPTER  XXW. 
Hints  for  Draughtsmen  and  Pattern-makers  ....  170 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Long  Measure   172 

Square  Measure   172 

Solid  or  Cubic  Measure   173 

Cloth  Measure   174 

Liquid  or  Wine  Measure   174 

Dry  Measure   175 

Troy  Weight   175 

Apothecaries'  Weight     .       .       .   175 

Avoirdupois  Weight   176 

Commercial  Measure   176 

Liquid  Measure   176 

United  States  Money   176 

English  Money       .       .       .   177 

Measure  of  Time   177 

Miscellaneous  Table   178 


CONTENTS.  ix 

THE  FEENCH  OR  METRIC  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS 
AND  MEASURES. 

Page. 

Long  Measure  ,      .      .  .179 

Square  Measure  *    .      .      .  .180 

Cubic  Measure   180 

Weights   180 

Table  of  French  Money   181 

Weights   181 

MISCELLANEOUS  RECIPES  AND  TABLES. 

SJiellac  Yarnish  for  Patterns   182 

Glue  and  Cements  .      .   182 

Cement  for  Leather  Belting   182 

Cement  for  attaching  Leather  to  Metal   183 

Cement  for  Cast  Iron   183 

Iron  Cement  for  closing  the  Joints  of  Iron  Pipes ....  183 

Black  Yarnish  for  Cast-Iron  Patterns   183 

Black  Yarnish  for  Iron- Work       .       .       .       .      .      .      .  184 

White  Hard  Yarnish  for  Wood  or  Metal   184 

Yarnish  for  Bright  Iron- Work   184 

Alloy  for  filling  Holes  in  Iron   184 

To  find  the  Centre  of  Gravity  of  a  Taper  Flask,  or  Core  Iron    .  184 
Measurement  of  Lumber.  —  To  find  the  Superficial  Contents  of 
Boards,  Planks,  Scantlings,  Joists,  and  Square  Timbers, 
when  the  length  is  given  in  feet,  and  the  width  and  thick- 
ness in  inches   184 

To  find  the  Cubic  Contents  of  Square  Timber     ....  186 

For  Pound  Timber,  to  reduce  it  to  Square  Timber      .      .      .  186 

Expansion  of  Metals   186 

Approximate  Rules  for  finding  the  Weight  of  Pound,  Square,  and 

Rectangular  Beams,  Bars,  etc.,  of  Cast  Iron  ....  187 
The  Dimensions  of  a  Cast-iron  Ping  being  given,  to  find  its 

Weight   187 

To  find  the  Weight  of  a  Cast-Iron  Ball  whose  Diameter  is  given  .  187 

To  find  the  Diameter  of  a  Cast-iron  Ball  when  the  Weight  is  given,  187 

Pules  for  Calculating  the  Speed  of  Gears  or  Pulleys    .       ,       .  188 

Table  of  the  Weight  and  Strength  of  Chains      .      .      .      .  189 

Melting  Point  of  Metals   189 

Average  Shrinkage  of  Cast  Metals   190 

Strength  of  Materials  of  Construction   190 


X 


CONTENTS. 


PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE. 

Page. 

Dimensions  and  Weight  of  Lap-welded  American  Charcoal  Iron 

Boiler  Tubes    .   191 

Wrought-Iron  Welded  Tubes,  for  Steam,  Gas,  or  Water      .      .  192 

Table  of  the  Weight  and  Strength  of  Manila  Cordage  .       .      .  193 

Weight  of  Cast-Iron  Pipes,  Twelve  Inches  Long  ....  194 
Table  of  the  Length  of  the  Various  Sizes  and  the  number  of 

Nails  in  a  Pound   195 

Weight  of  Cast-iron  Balls   196 

Weight  of  Square  Iron   197 

Weight  of  Round  Iron   199 

Weight  of  Flat  Iron   201 

Weight  of  Square  Foot  of  Different  Metal  Plates  of  Thickness 

from  ,Y  tol"   2T)4 

Weight  of  Solid  Cylinders  of  Cast  Iron,  12'^  long        .       .  .205 

A  Table  containing  the  Circumferences  and  Areas  of  Circles  .  206 
Table  of  the  Capacity  of  Cisterns  in  Gallons  for  each  10''  of 

depth   222 

Table  of  the  Proportional  Radii  of  Wheels,  from     to  V  .       .  223 

Table  of  the  Proportional  Radii  of  Wheels,  from  li'^  to  3''  pitch  .  231 
Table  of  Numbers  for  obtaining  the  Radius  of  any  Wheel,  having 

any  Number  of  Teeth,  from  to  6"  pitch  .  .  .  .239 
Table  of  Diameters,  Circumferences,  and  Areas  of  Circles,  and 

the  Contents  in  Gallons  (of  231  cubic  inches)  at  one  foot  in 

depth   240 

Table  of  the  Weight  of  Materials  per  Cubic  Foot       .      .  .246 


DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS. 

Table  of  Fractions  of  a  Lineal  Inch  converted  into  Decimals  .  247 
Table  of  Conversion  of  Fractions  of  an  Inch  into  Decimals  of  a 

Lineal  Foot  247 

Table  of  the  Reciprocals  of  Numbers ;  or,  the  Decimal  Fractions 
corresponding  to  Vulgar  Fractions  of  which  the  Numerator 
is  Unity,  or  1   .      .      .  248 


MODEEE" 

MOULDING  AND  PATTERN -MAKmG. 


CHAPTER  L 

DRAUGHTSME^r,  PATTERN-MAKERS,  AND  MOULDERS. 

As  this  book  is  intended  for  the  use  of  draughtsmen, 
pattern-makers,  and  moulders,  combined,  it  may  be  well 
to  consider  them  individually,  and  see  how  and  why 
they  are  allied  to  each  other.    The  first  in  order  is 

THE  DRAUGHTSMAN. 

Now,  what  is  a  draughtsman  ?  One  who  draws  writ- 
ings, or  designs.  To  do  this,  he  must  understand  mathe- 
matics, especially  geometry  and  arithmetic.  He  must 
be  a  practical  man,  and  able  to  design  a  machine  that 
can  be  easily  constructed,  and  simple,  durable  and 
symmetrical  when  finished.  In  fact,  it  may  be  said,  that 
to  no  class  of  men  is  the  engineering  and  mechanical 
world  more  indebted  for  progress,  than  to  draughtsmen. 
And  yet  how  small  is  usually  the  credit  allowed  them ! 
There  are,  however,  draughtsmen  and  draughtsmen." 
There  are  those  for  whom  the  name  "draughtsman" 
is  almost  too  comprehensive.  Happily,  this  is  only  a 
very  small  proportion  of  the  whole,  and  the  majority 
are  men  for  whom  the  name  is  too  limited ;  who  are,  in 

1 


2         MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

fact,  mechanical  engineers  in  every  sense  of  the  word. 
To  fulfil  their  duties  satisfactorily,  they  must  be  such. 
They  must  know  every  operation  which  every  part  of 
a  machine  will  have  to  undergo  during  its  manufacture, 
and  all  the  conditions  under  which  it  will  work  when  in 
the  finished  machine ;  and  it  is  here  that  experience 
becomes  requisite,  and  mere  theoretical  education  fails 
altogether.  It  must  also  be  remembered,  that  art,  as 
well  as  science,  enters  largely  into  the  designing  of 
machinery ;  and,  to  borrow  a  sentence  from  a  well-known 
author  (Ellis  A.  Davidson),  ''The  true  beauty  of  form 
in  engineering  designs  follows  the  same  rules  as  those 
which  render  a  picture,  or  a  group  of  statuary,  pleasing 
to  the  eye ;  and  the  graceful  forms  of  a  well-designed 
machine  impress  the  mind  with  a  sense  of  beauty,  of 
fitness  and  of  power."  The  design  should  follow  con- 
struction, and  the  machine  be  built  up  in  the  mind,  so 
to  speak,  before  being  made  in  the  workshop.  These 
requirements  demand  an  amount  of  close  observation  of 
the  practical  department  of  engineering,  together  with  a 
thorough  training  in  theoretical  investigations,  which, 
generally  speaking,  make  them  men  of  more  than  aver- 
age ability. 

As  we  have  said,  draughtsmen,  as  a  rule,  get  small 
credit  for  their  share  in  an  engineering  achievement; 
and  yet  it  is,  in  the  main,  their  ideas  and  their  instruc- 
tions that  have  been  carried  out  throughout  the  work 
and  its  execution.  The  manager,  or  perhaps  the  fore- 
man, is  looked  upon  as  the  man  on  whom  to  bestow 
praise,  while  the  plodding  draughtsman,  who  designed 
the  work  perhaps  months  or  years  before  its  completion, 
is  entirely  forgotten,  although  the  talent  displayed  in 
his  department  may  be  much  more  worthy  of  eulogium 


THE  PATTEKN-MAKER. 


3 


than  any  special  tact  shown  in  the  execution  of  the 
work.  It  must  be  understood,  that  we  do  not  wish  to 
underrate  the  value  of  managers  and  foremen,  whose 
assistance  cannot  by  any  means  be  dispensed  with,  and 
whose  practical  abilities  must  in  every  case  conduce  to 
the  perfect  accomplishment  of  engineering-work.  And 
further,  we  do  not  forget  that  in  many  establishments 
the  managers  and  employers  are  practical  men,  who 
give  valuable  practical  assistance,  and  take  an  active 
part  in  the  drawing-ofBce  work ;  the  draughtsman  act- 
ing, in  some  respects,  under  their  instruction.  The 
suggestions  made  by  them,  however,  are  often,  from 
limit  of  time  and  other  causes,  necessarily  of  a  broad 
nature  ;  and  it  is  left  to  the  draughtsman,  to  use  his 
ingenuity,  practical  knowledge,  and  powers  of  discrimi- 
nation in  "getting  out"  the  details  which,  as  a  rule, 
constitute  the  most  intricate  and  vital  part  of  the  work, 

THE  PATTERi^-MAKER  AND  HIS  TRADE. 

Now,  what  do  we  mean  by  the  term  "pattern-maker"? 
One  who  puts  theory  into  practice,  by  building  a  struc- 
ture or  model  to  be  imitated.  In  order  to  do  this  suc- 
cessfully, he  must  understand  the  theoretical  as  well 
as  the  practical  mechanism  of  the  machine.  He  must 
understand  a  drawing  as  well  as  the  man  who  made  it ; 
and  also  be  able  to  make  a  drawing,  if  required  to  do  so. 
He  must  thoroughly  understand  practical  geometry, 
and  be  able  to  apply  it  to  the  different  angles,  curves 
and  radii,  as  shown  on  the  drawing.  He  must  under- 
stand moulding  as  well  as  the  foreman  moulder.  He 
must  be  familiar  with  the  different  wood-working  ma- 
chines in  the  shop,  and  be  able  to  run  them.  He  must 
know  the  nature  and  quality  of  all  the  different  kinds 


4         MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

of  wood  required  for  the  construction  of  the  patterns. 
He  must  be  a  good,  neat,  clean  and  fast  workman,  and 
know  the  easiest,  quickest,  strongest  and  cheapest  way 
to  make  all  kinds  of  patterns.  He  must  be  able  to 
impart  this  knowledge  to  others  when  required.  In 
addition  to  all  this,  a  good  pattern-maker  is  a  man  who 
has  what  may  be  called  forethought,  and  a  practical 
knowledge  with  regard  to  the  proper  proportions  and 
strength  of  materials  of  construction. 

He  should  also  have,  f  may  say,  an  educated  eye;  for 
if  any  parts  of  a  machine  seem  disproportioned,  it  is  a 
sure  sign  that  they  should  be  corrected  in  some  way. 
Thus  unsuitable  arrangements  may  be  detected,  and 
the  expense  of  altering  work  avoided.  The  amount  of 
labor  and  expense  he  may  save  in  this  way  is  almost 
incalculable,  to  say  nothing  of  the  more  satisfactory 
results.  The  theoretical  calculations  of  the  strength 
of  materials  are,  of  course,  useful :  but  they  are,  as  a 
rule,  very  difficult  in  their  application ;  and  it  often 
happens,  that,  when  a  pattern  or  a  machine  is  made,  it 
has  a  very  different  appearance  from  the  design  as  rep- 
resented on  paper.  It  therefore  follows,  that,  if  time 
can  be  saved  by  the  application  of  practical  knowledge, 
an  educated  eye,  and  a  little  forethought  (which  costs 
nothing)  on  the  part  of  the  pattern-maker,  the  least 
possible  expense  will  be  the  result. 

I  am  here  reminded  that  original  thought  is  but  little 
exercised,  or  even  understood,  by  too  many  so-called 
mechanics,  in  all  the  different  trades. 

Now,  I  hold  that  manufacturers,  superintendents,  and 
foremen  are  largely  to  blame  for  this ;  and  if  they  would 
only  stop  to  consider  the  matter,  and  trace  out  cause 
and  effect,  they  would  find  that  this  want  of  original 


THE  PATTERN-MAKER. 


6 


thought  on  the  part  of  the  workmen  is  not  only  detri- 
mental  to  the  interests  of  all  concerned,  but  that  they 
(the  employers)  have  the  remedy,  principally,  in  their, 
own  hands;  and  while  employers  and  managers  of  men 
have  a  right  to  expect  the  service  of  men's  brains,  as 
well  as  their  hands,  so  the  men  have  a  right  to  expect 
that  their  employers  will  gladly  and  cheerfully  accept 
that  service.  The  man  who  says  that  if  all  mechanics 
were  thinkers  and  inventors,  there  would  be  no  use  for 
such  as  he,  simply  makes  a  display  of  his  own  ignorance 
and  lack  of  reasoning  power.  He,  in  fact,  unwittingly 
takes  off  the  mask  in  which  impoverished  thoughts 
ever  array  themselves,  in  the  hope  of  giving  mechanical 
emphasis  to  utterances  which  lack  the  impressiveness 
of  argumentative  force.  Now,  we  cannot  compel  such 
a  man  to  return  to  the  abandoned  field  of  logic,  which 
he,  at  the  outset,  claimed  exclusively  as  his ;  but  we 
can,  by  force  of  reasoning,  use  him  as  an  illustration  of 
that  class  of  employers  who  do  not  allow  their  men  to 
think,  and  whose  business  suffers  in  consequence. 

Fortunately,  there  is  another  and  more  numerous 
class  of  employers  and  foremen.  They  are  men  who 
will  accept  suggestions  or  advice  when  it  is  given  to 
benefit  their  own  pockets. 

The  superintendent  or  foreman  who  does  not  teach 
his  men  self-reliance,  and  who  does  not  require  them 
to  do  their  own  thinking  in  all  matters  appertaining  to 
their  trade,  such  as  devising  ways  and  means  to  accom- 
plish their  work  to  the  best  advantage  and  in  the  most 
economical  manner,  is  not  fit  to  hold  a  responsible  posi- 
tion ;  and,  in  justice  to  himself,  his  employer  and  his 
fellow-workmen,  he  should  step  out,  giving  place  to  a 
more  competent  man. 


6         MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEBN-MAKING. 


THE  ART  OF  MOULDING. 

While  many  of  the  above  remarks  with  regard  to 
.  the  pattern-maker  and  his  trade  are  applicable  to  the 
moulder,  there  are  some  facts  still  remaining  to  be 
added. 

"  The  fact  is,  the  art  of  moulding  —  and  it  is  an  art 
—  is  never  fully  learned;  and  the  oldest  and  most  com- 
petent moulder  will  freely  admit  that  he  does  not,  and 
never  expects  to,  know  it  all. 

"  I  have  stated  that  moulding  was  an  art,  and  it  is  all 
I  claim  for  it.  I  can  say  that  there  are  moulders  who 
have  all  the  ardor  of  the  artist ;  men  whose  trade  is  to 
them  a  thing  of  the  heart,  and  who  give  their  whole 
mind  to  their  work.  Such  men  are  as  rare,  and  as  diffi- 
cult to  find  as  good  civil  engineers,  draughtsmen,  pat- 
tern-makers, painters,  musicians,  and  engravers,  but  no 
more  so.  The  moulder  has  sand,  iron,  coal,  with  their 
innumerable  variations,  to  contend  with  in  every  new 
locality ;  and  in  many  places  the  water  he  tempers  his 
sand  with  affects  the  production  of  clear,  sound  cast- 
ings." Still  he  has  surmounted  all  these  difficulties, 
and  to  the  moulder  the  engineering  world  is  indebted 
for  material  assistance  in  some  of  its  greatest  mechanical 
achievements. 

Finally,  while  it  is  evident  that  the  close  connec- 
tion which  exists  between  pattern-makers  and  moulders 
renders  their  interests  practically  one,  it  is  also  obvious 
that  both  pattern-makers  and  moulders  should  under- 
stand drawing ;  and  so,  in  order  to  attain  a  degree  of 
proficiency  in  any  one  of  these  callings,  we  must  have 
some  knowledge  of  alL 


PATTERN-SHOP  MACHINERY. 


7 


CHAPTER  II. 

PATTERK-SHOP  MACHINERY.  —  THE  WOOD-TURNING 

LATHE. 

There  is  no  other  machine-tool  manufactured  that 
is  of  so  much  value  in  the  pattern-shop  as  the  wood- 
turning  lathe ;  and  yet,  generally  speaking,  there  is  no 
other  which  has  received  so  little  attention  with  regard 
to  improvement,  either  from  the  constructors  of  wood- 
working machinery,  or  the  purchasers  of  the  same. 

Now,  there  are  some  reasons  for  this  seeming  neglect. 
First,  the  high  speed  which  is  always  necessary  for 
wood-turning ;  and  the  number  and  variety  of  tools,  and 
the  many  peculiar  positions  in  which  they  have  to  be 
held  in  order  to  produce  the  fineness  of  finish  required 
in  pattern- work,  and  also  to  comply  with  other  essential 
conditions,  such  as  the  direction  of  the  grain,  and  the 
different  kinds  of  wood  used  for  the  construction  of 
patterns,  render  many  of  the  improvements  to  be 
found  on  other  wood-working  machinery  almost  im- 
practicable. 

It  must  also  be  remembered,  that  a  hand-tool  can  be 
sharpened  in  less  time  than  it  would  take  to  remove  the 
cutting-tool  from  a  machine ;  and,  as  keenness  of  edge 
is  one  of  the  most  essential  conditions  of  a  turning-tool, 
the  time  occupied  in  sharpening  it  is  an  important 
consideration.    Notwithstanding  all  these  impediments, 


8 


MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


however,  there  is  yet  plenty  of  room  for  improvements 
in  the  pattern-maker's  lathe,  and  much  work  is  now. 
done  by  hand  that  might  be  advantageously  done  by  a 
machine  properly  designed. 

Pattern-work,  whenever  possible,  should  have  the 
benefit  of  accurate-working  machinery,  instead  of  hand- 


Fig.  1. 


work ;  and  a  pattern-maker's  lathe,  fitted  with  a  light 
slide-rest,  as  shown  by  the  annexed  cuts  (Figs.  1,  2,  and 
3),  would  be  a  very  useful  tool.  This,  or  any  like 
attachment  to  any  common  wood-turning  lathe,  would 


THE  WOOD-TUKNING  LATHE. 


9 


enable  the  pattern-maker  to  trim  and  face  all  kinds  of 
straight  work  as  true  as  with  an  engine-lathe ;  and  by 
the  addition  of  a  swivel  to  the  cross-slide,  he  could  turn 
outside  and  inside  bevels,  tapers,  etc. 

Fig.  1  is  an  end-view  of  the  attachment ;  Fig.  2  is  a 
side-view^  and  Fig.  3  is  a  plan  showing  the  lathe-shears, 
and  the  slide  B  with  the  cross-slide  C  removed. 

A  represents  the  lathe-shears ;  J5,  the  slide-rest  fitted 
on  the  ways  to  slide  easily  ;  (7,  the  T-rest  and  tool-holder, 
sliding  across  the  lathe  on  B. 


By  inserting  a  block  between  the  clamp  D  and  the 
rest  5,  C  is,  of  course,  held  firm  for  turning  straight 
work,  and  B  at  the  same  time  is  allowed  to  slide  (by 
hand)  on  the  lathe-shears  A. 

A  suitable  tool  for  general  use,  in  connection  with  the 
foregoing  slide-rest,  is  shown  at  Fig.  4,  and  needs  no 
further  explanation. 

Fig.  5  is.  a  very  good  representation  of  an  ordinary 
wood-turning  lathe.    Now,  the  following  changes  and 


Fig.  2. 


10       MODEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 

additions  to  this  lathe  would  render  it  infinitely  more 
valuable,  at  least  for  pattern-makers'  use. 

First,  the  shears  should  be  made  of  iron,  as  shown 
at  J.,  Fig.  1.  Iron  shears  keep  true,  and  the  tailstock 
and  tool-rest  are  more  easily  moved.  Second,  the  cone 
should  have  five  different  speeds.    Third,  the  position 


V 

V 

J 

o 

r 

Fig.  3. 

of  the  cone  should  be  reversed ;  or,  in  other  words,  the 
small  end  of  the  cone  should  be  set  towards  the  centre 
of  the  shears,  or  tailstock.  This  is  in  order  to  let  the 
workman  have  a  chance  to  turn  his  job  both  back 
and  face,  without  having  to  take  it  out  of  the  lathe,  and 
chuck  it  a  second  time  before  finishing.    Of  course, 


THE  WOOD-TURNING  LATHE.  11 

this  cannot  always  be  done,  but  it  can  be  in  a  great 
many  cases.  In  its  present  position,  however,  the  work- 
man's hands,  as  well  as  the  handle  of  the  tool  which  he 


Fig.  4. 


may  chance  to  be  using,  are  liable  to  come  in  contact 
with  the  large  section  of  the  cone.  Fourth,  in  addition 
to  the  two  face-plates  shown  in  the  figure,  we  should 


have  two  screw  or  worm  chucks,  and  one  box-chucK^  A.^"* 
such  as  shown  at  A  and  B.  Fifth,  the  outside  01*^==^ 
overhanging  end  of  the  cone-spindle  should  be  quite 
as  large  in  diameter  as  the  inside  or  driving  end, 
because  it  is  on  the  overhanging  end  of  the  lathe  that 
all  the  heavy  work  is  done,  such  as  fly-wheels  etc. ; 
and  so,  of  course,  it  should  be  very  strong  and  rigid. 
In  the  jobbing-shop,  or  in  any  pattern-shop  where  iron 
or  other  metal  patterns  are  frequently  made,  a  good 
drill-chuck  and  a  supply  of  small  twist-drills  will  also 
be  very  useful. 

THE  BAND-SAW. 

The  utility  of  the  band-sawing  machine  is  too  well 
known  to  require  any  lengthy  elucidation  in  these 
pages ;  and  when  the  table  is  provided  with  some  such 


Fig.  6. 


device  as  shown  at  Fig.  6,  and  also  made  adjustable 
so  as  to  permit  cutting  upon  any  angle  between  the 
level  and  forty-five  degrees,  it  is,  practically  speaking, 
a  perfect  machine  tool,  at  least  for  pattern-makers'  use. 

The  circular-saw  table,  if  properly  designed,  is  a  great 
labor-saver  in  the  pattern-shop,  and  is  especially  valu- 


14       MODERK  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


able  for  preparing  stock  for  pattern-work,  frequently- 
effecting  a  saving  of  twenty-five  or  thirty  per  cent  in 
material. 

The  circular-saw  table,  designed  for  pattern-work, 
should  be  made  entirely  of  iron,  and  combine  simplicity 
of  arrangement  with  effectiveness.  The  table  should 
be  capable  of  universal  adjustment,  and  provided  with 
adjustable  gauges  for  ripping  and  cross-cutting  at  any 
angle. 

In  addition  to  the  common  practice  of  ripping  and 
cross-cutting,  such  a  saw  may  be  used  for  a  great  variety 
of  purposes.  By  a  proper  adjustment  of  the  gauges, 
grooves,  shoulders  and  rabbets  may  be  cut  to  any 
desired  angle  with  almost  perfect  accuracy.  Then 
again,  if  the  gauge  before  mentioned,  instead  of  being 
set  parallel  to  the  saw,  is  set  obliquely  to  it,  recesses 
may  be  sawed  out,  varying  in  elliptical  form  from  a 
groove  the  width  of  the  saw-kerf  to  a  circle  equal  to  the 
extreme  diameter  of  the  saw. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  and  useful  machine-tools 
yet  produced  for  pattern-shop  use  is  the  buzz-planer,  or 
jointing-machine.  It  bears  about  the  same  relation 
to  the  hand  or  bench-plane  of  the  present  day  that 
the  modern  flooring-machines  do  to  the  old-fashioned 
tonguing  and  grooving  planes.  It  performs  its  work 
with  great  accuracy,  as  well  as  with  great  rapidity; 
and  for  simplicity,  durability,  compactness,  and  general 
adaptation  to  all  the  different  requirements  of  the  pat- 
tern-shop, it  has  but  few  equals.  Surface  planing, 
jointing,  bevelling,  or  cutting  upon  any  angle  what- 
ever, are  all  performed  with  equal  facility  and  accu- 
racy ;  and  but  a  few  minutes  are  necessary  to  change 
from  one  class  of  work  to  another.    It  is  especially 


THE  BAND-SAW. 


15 


useful  in  getting  out  staves  for  cylinder  work,  seg- 
ments for  wheels,  or  other  circles.  In  short,  it  is  a 
good  companion  machine  for  the  circular  saw ;  and  in 
any  pattern-shop  where  three  or  four  men  are  employed, 
these  two  machines  will  pay  for  themselves  in  less  than 
a  year.  The  two  machines  can  be  bought  and  set  up 
ready  for  use  for  three  hundred  dollars.  In  a  shop 
employing  three  or  four  men,  these  two  machines  will 
be  worth  as  much  as  one  good  man.  Now,  suppose 
the  man  works  three  hundred  days  in  the  year,  and 
receives  1975  for  his  services,  at  the  end  of  the  first 
year  we  have  a  cash  balance  in  favor  of  the  saw  and 
planer  of  1675,  less  the  cost  of  power,  oil,  etc.,  126.65 ; 
leaving  a  net  balance  of  $658.85 ;  and  we  have  the  two 
machines  to  boot,  so  to  speak. 

The  above  calculation  looks  reasonable  to  me ;  and  I 
often  wonder  why  so  many  shrewd  business  men  con- 
tinue to  convert  pattern-makers  into  circular-saws  and 
buzz-planers. 

Every  pattern-shop  should  be  provided  with  a  good 
grindstone,  and  said  stone  should  be  kept  in  good  con- 
dition. The  old  plan  of  letting  pattern-makers  worry 
along  with  tools  ground  on  the  stone  in  the  machine- 
shop  don't  pay.  The  best  workmen  are  always  the 
men  who  have  their  tools  in  the  best  order,  and  they 
are  the  very  men  who  detest  going  to  grind  them  on 
a  stone  all  cut  and  .gouged  out  with  cold-chisels  and 
machine-tools.  I  don't  believe  the  best  workman 
that  ever  shoved  a  plane  could  do  common  justice 
to  a  respectable  meat-axe  on  the  average  machine-shop 
grindstone. 


16       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CHAPTER  III.  ^ 

STANDARD   PULLEYS.  —  DRAWING,  PATTERN- 
MAKING,  AND  MOULDING. 

In  order  to  transfer  motion,  or  force,  from  one  axis 
to  another,  belt  pulleys  are  undoubtedly  the  most 
universally  employed ;  and,  although  the  various  cir- 
cumstances of  transmission  render  any  fixed  scientific 
principles  or  mathematical  calculations  with  regard  to 
dimensions  impracticable,  still  some  formula  by  which 
they  may  be  drawn  with  such  approximate  correctness 
as  to  be  sufficiently  accurate  for  general  purposes,  is 
not  only  important  but  necessary. 

Figs.  7,  8,  and  9  exhibit  the  proportion  of  the  differ- 
ent parts  of  pulleys,  and  the  method  of  drawing  pulleys 
having  straight,  curved,  or  S-shaped  arms.  The  thick- 
ness of  metal  around  the  shaft,  in  the  hub  of  any  size 
of  pulley,  is  measured  as  B  on  the  line  of  the  diameter  of 
the  pulley  from  the  base  line  A  to  the  line  of  the  diam- 
eter of  the  shaft.  The  length  of  the  hub  is  determined 
by  adding  the  thickness  of  the  web  to  twice  the  length 
of  JE^  when  measured  from  the  base  line  A  to  the  line 
of  the  face  of  the  pulley  on  the  line  of  the  pulley's 
diameter,  as  shown  at  Fig.  7. 

The  arc  which  forms  the  outline  of  the  drawing  for 
the  side  of  the  arm  is  struck  with  a  radius  equal  to 
three-fourths  of  the  width,  as  shown  at  Fig.  8. 


STANDARD  PULLEYS. 


17 


of  drawing  them,  are  shown  at  Fig.  9,  and  will  be  easily 
understood  by  the  reader. 


18       MOBEKN  MOULDING  AKD  PATTERN-MAKING. 

The  width  of  the  arm  at  the  hub,  and  the  thickness 


Fig,  8. 


of  the  rim  unfinished,  will  be  found  in  the  following 
tables :  — 


TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  FOE  STANDARD  PULLEYS 
From  6''  to  20"  inclusive,  advancing  by  1", 


Diameter  of 
Pulley. 

Width  op 
Arm  at  Hub. 

Thickness  of 
Rim  at  Cen- 
tre. 

Thickness  of 
Rim  at  Edge. 

Width 
ACROSS  the 
Web. 

6'' 

1" 

A" 

A" 

3" 

Y 

11// 

A' 

A" 

3" 

8'' 

11// 

A" 

A" 

3" 

9'' 

5  // 

T¥ 

A" 

4" 

10'' 

li" 

5  // 
•  T6 

A' 

4" 

11" 

1_5_'' 

A" 

A" 

4" 

12" 

If" 

A" 

A" 

5J" 

13" 

lA" 

A' 

A" 

5i" 

14" 

11// 

A" 

A' 

5i" 

15" 

1_9_// 

A' 

A' 

5i" 

16" 

15// 
-•■8" 

¥ 

5i" 

17" 

V 

5i" 

18" 

If" 

r 

¥ 

5f" 

19" 

ir 

r 

Iff 

5|" 

20" 

2" 

1" 

Iff 

5|" 

TO  DRAW  THE  STRAIGHT  ARMS. 


19 


TABLE  OF  DIMEIS'SIO^^S  FOR  STANDARD  PULLETS 
From  22''  to  12'  inclusive,  advancing  by  2', 


% 

Diameter  op 
Pulley. 

Width  of 
Arm  at  H.UB. 

Thickness  of 
Rim  at  Cen- 
tre. 

Thickness  of 

T^TTW     A  TT^T^/^T? 

XviJu  Al  XIjJJCtXj. 

TV^IDTH 

Across  the 
Web. 

22^^ 

21" 

¥ 

6i" 

24:' 

2i" 

lit 

6i" 

26' 

2i" 

•g" 

V 

6i" 

2S' 

21" 

V 

irf 

7" 

80' 

2f" 

i" 

7" 

S2' 

2|" 

7" 

34'' 

2J" 

1  6 

tV 

7^ 

36'' 

3" 

5  // 

8" 

38" 

31" 

tV 

5  ff 

TS 

8" 

40" 

3i" 

tV 

5  // 

8" 

42" 

3i" 

tV 

A'' 

8" 

44" 

31" 

1  o 

16^' 

9" 

46" 

31" 

2 

3.// 
8 

9" 

48" 

3i" 

2 

8 

9" 

50" 

Si' 

^8 

3_ff 

10" 

52" 

4" 

1" 

f" 

10" 

54" 

41" 

9  // 
T6 

A'' 

10" 

OD 

4^ 

9  // 
T6 

7  /A 
T6 

IV 

JL± 

58" 

4i" 

9  // 
T6" 

A" 

11" 

60" 

41" 

9  // 
16 

A" 

11" 

62" 

4f" 

5ff 
8 

1// 
2 

11" 

64" 

4i" 

1" 

4" 

12" 

66" 

4|" 

*" 

1// 
2 

12" 

68" 

5" 

A// 
8 

12" 

70" 

51" 

5ff 
8 

i" 

121"  • 

72" 

5i" 

t" 

Iff 

-2 

121" 

TO  DRAW  THE  STRAIGHT  ARMS. 

First  draw  the  circle  representing  the  extreme  diam- 
eter of  the  pulley,  then  draw  the  circle  for  the  inner 
edge  of  the  rim ;  on  this  circle  set  off  six  points,  and 
from  these  points  draw  radii  lines  to  represent  the  centre 


20     MODERN  mouldi:n-g  and  pattern-making. 

of  the  arms.  Next  strike  the  circles  indicating  the  bore 
of  the  pulley  and  the  outer  edge  of  the  hub ;  then  on 
each  side  of  the  radii  or  centre  of  the  arm,  on  the  circles 
of  the  diameter  of  the  hub  and  inside  edge  of  the  rim, 
set  off  points  to  denote  the  width  of  the  arm  at  the  hub 
and  rim,  and  from  these  points  draw  lines  to  show  the 
edge  of  the  arms.  The  arms  should  not  meet  the  rim 
in  a  sharp  corner,  as  shown  in  this  small  illustration, 
but  the  straight  lines  are  joined  to  the  circle  by  means  of 
a  small  arc,  which  may  be  drawn  to  any  size  pleasing  to 
the  eye.  In  like  manner,  the  arms  at  their  base  are 
united  by  an  arc,  which  should  be  struck  with  a  radius 
from  some  point  on  a  line  bisecting  their  angle. 

These  curves  should  not  again  form  angles  at  the 
points  where  they  meet  the  straight  lines,  but  should 
be  so  drawn  as  to  touch  the  line  of  the  web,  and  then 
merge  imperceptibly  into  the  straight  lines  indicating 
the  edge  of  the  arms. 

TO  DRAW  CURVED  ARMS. 

On  the  circle  of  the  outer  edge  of  the  rim,  locate  the 
point  L  for  the  centre  of  the  arm  ;  then,  with  a  radius 
equal  to  two-thirds  of  the  radius  of  the  pulley,  draw 
the  circle  and  from  a  point  somewhere  on  this  circle, 
with  the  same  radius,  strike  the  arc,  bisecting  the  point 
L  and  the  centre  of  the  hub ;  and  on  each  side  of  this 
arc,  on  the  lines  of  the  diameter  of  the  hub  and  the  in- 
side edge  of  the  rim,  set  off  points  to  denote  the  width 
of  the  arm  at  the  rim  and  base. 

We  now  add  half  the  width  of  the  arm  at  F  to  the 
former  radius,  and  draw  the  arc  a,  bisecting  the  proper 
points  on  the  diameter  of  the  hub  and  inner  edge  of 
the  rim.    Then  from  the  present  radius  take  the  full 


T 


Fig.  9. 


TO  DRAW  THE  S-ARM. 


21 


width  of  the  arm  at  and  draw  the  arc  m,  and  thus 
produce  a  complete  outline  of  the  arm. 

In  this,  as  in  all  other  forms  of  arm,  the  corners,  as 
points  of  intersection  at  the  hub  and  rim,  should,  of 
course,  be  filleted  as  mentioned  when  describing  the 
method  of  drawing  the  straight  arms. 

TO  DRAW  THE  S-ARM. 

From  the  point  T  on  the  diameter,  draw  radii ;  then, 
with  a  radius  equal  to  one-quarter  of  the  diameter  of 
the  pulley,  strike  the  circle  n ;  and  on  this  circle,  from 
its  intersection  with  the  radius  at  a  distance  equal  to 
its  radius,  set  off  the  point  d.  At  an  angle  of  thirty 
degrees  from  the  radius  we  draw  the  line  cutting  the 
circle  n  and  the  centre  of  the  hub.  From  the  intersec- 
tion of  n  draw  the  line  joining  e  and  T.  From  the 
point  at  right  angles  with  draw  the  line  join  d 
and  cutting  the  circle  n  at  the  radius  T,  With  the 
points  d  u  for  centres,  draw  the  line  A,  which  will  rep- 
resent the  centre  line  of  the  arm.  From  this  line  set 
off  the  width  of  the  arm,  the  hub,  the  centre,  and  rim, 
and  then  with  the  proper  radii  draw  the  outlines  of  the 
arms,  as  shown  in  the  figure. 

It  frequently  happens  that  pulleys  are  required  to 


Fig.  10. 


have  extra  heavy  arms ;  and  under  such  circumstances 
the  following  table  of  dimensions,  and  the  form  of  arm 


0- 


22        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

shown  at  Fig.  10,  have  been  found  good,  and  give 
perfect  satisfaction  when  used  in  connection  with  the 
described  method  of  drawing. 


TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  OF  STANDARD  PULLEYS, 
Having  extra  heavy  arms,  from  6''  to  60''  inclusive,  advancing  by  2". 


Diameter  op 
Pulley. 

Thickness  op 
Rim. 

Thickness  op 
Arm  at  Rim. 

Thickness  op 
Arm  at  Hub. 

6" 

A" 

15// 
T6 

X 

5  // 
T6 

11// 
-^¥ 

X  Y 

8" 

A" 

1" 

X 

3// 

8 

13// 
^8 

X  f" 

10" 

A" 

1" 

X 

3// 

13// 

8 

X  f" 

12" 

3  11 
T6 

X 

A" 

17// 
-•-16 

X  f" 

14" 

A" 

X 

A" 

17// 

-•■Te" 

X  f" 

15" 

A" 

11// 

X 

A" 

17// 

■^Te- 

X f" 

16" 

16 

^V' 

^¥ 

X 

A" 

ll// 

X  il" 
^  T^ 

18" 

13// 
-■■8 

X 

A" 

15// 

X 

20" 

If" 

X 

4" 

If" 

X  tt" 

99// 

1// 
¥ 

13// 

X 

f" 

2" 

X  i" 

24" 

17// 

X 

W 

91// 

^8 

X 

26" 

1// 

11// 

X 

W 

91// 
^8 

X  \¥ 

28" 

5  It 

15// 
-•■8 

X 

lift 
16 

2i" 

X  1" 

30" 

5  // 
16 

If" 

X 

3// 

¥ 

2f" 

X  1" 

32" 

5  n 

T6 

2" 

X 

Iff 
8 

2f" 

X  li" 

34" 

3// 

8 

91// 

X 

1" 
8 

2|" 

X  IV 

36" 

1" 

2i" 

X 

15// 
T6 

3" 

X  IJ" 

38" 

A" 

2f" 

X 

3f" 

X  li" 

40" 

A" 

2f" 

X  1 

31" 

X  ItV 

42" 

i" 

3i" 

X  1 

1// 

8 

4" 

X  If" 

48" 

1// 

3i" 

X  ItV 

4i" 

X  m" 

52" 

A" 

3f" 

X  1 

1// 
2 

4|" 

X  ir 

60" 

1". 

3f" 

X  1 

9  // 
T6 

5J" 

X  2" 

PATTERN-MAKING. 

Among  the  many  methods  of  making  standard  pulley 
patterns,  and  moulding  the  same,  I  believe  the  following 
is  the  best :  — 


PATTERN-MAKING.  23 

Make  an  iron  pattern  of  rim,  the  diameter  of  pulley 


Fig.  11. 

required,  and  from  6^^  to  8^^  face.   (See  Fig.  11.)  Now 


Fig.  12. 

make  iron  pattern  of  arms  as  shown  at  Fig.  12.  The 


24       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


arms  should  be  an  easy  fit  when  put  in  place,  say  one- 
sixteenth  slack.  Drill  a  hole  in  centre  for  hub- 
dowel,  as  shown  at  Fig.  12.  Make  a  set  of  wooden 
patterns  for  all  the  different  sizes  of  hubs  required. 
Hubs  should  have  a  hard-wood  dowel-pin  in  the 
bottom  of  each,  so  that  they  wall  fit  any  size  of  pulley. 

MOULDING, 

Fig.  13  is  a  core  or  lifting-plate,  made  to  fit  between 


Fig.  13. 


the  arms,  leaving  a  margin  of  about  between  the 
edge  of  the  plate  and  the  pattern.  The  different  sec- 
tions are  connected  by  a  strong  bridge,  as  shown  at  B. 
Three  or  four  of  the  sections  should  have  a  large  and 
pointed  dowel,  or  guide-pin  (7,  cast  on  bottom. 


MOULDING. 


25 


Fig.  14  shows  the  rim  moulded  on  the  outside,  and 
the  arms  and  hubs  set  in  position  and  moulded  up  to  the 


I 


I  I 


D  C 


Fig,  14. 


centre.  The  core  or  lifting-plate,  Fig.  14,  is  now  set  in 
place,  and  bedded  down  solid,  as  shown  at  Fig.  15.  The 


parting  can  now  be  made,  and  the  centre  filled  in  and 
rammed  up  level  with  top  of  mould.    We  are  now 


26 


MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


ready  to  put  on  cope-flask  Fig.  16 ;  fill  in,  ram  up, 
and  make  gate  in  same. 


U 


!2 


TT 


Fig.  16. 


We  can  now  lift  off  cope  JE,  and  draw  the  rim  pattern ; 
then  lift  away  the  centre,  and  draw  from  the  sand  the 
patterns  of  arms  and  hub.    Finish  the  mould,  and  set 


Fig.  17. 


centre  D,  Fig.  17,  back  into  position ;  close  down  cope 
make  runner,  and  it  is  ready  to  cast,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  17. 


MOULDING  PULLEYS  WITHOUT  A  PATTERlsr.  27 


CHAPTER  IV. 

MOULDING  LAEGE  INTERNAL  FLANGED  PULLEYS 
WITHOUT  A  PATTERN. 

Nearly  every  jobbing  and  machine  foundry,  and 
pattern-shop  also,  has  something  to  do  with  pulley- 


Fig.  18. 

work.  But  they  are  not  all  equipped  with  a  complete 
set  of  patterns,  as  illustrated  in  the  preceding  chapter ; 


28       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


and,  even  in  those  establishments  where  pulley-work  is 
considered  a  specialty,  they  are  not  provided  with  a 
pattern  for  every  form  and  size  of  pulley":  in  fact,  such 
a  thing  would  be  almost  impossible. 

Suppose  a  man  comes  along  with  a  sketch  of  a  pulley 
such  as  is  shown  at  Fig.  18.  This  pulley  must  be  6 
feet  in  diameter,  li^^  face,  and  be  bored  to  fit  a  8^'^ 
shaft.  The  peculiar  circumstances,  and  conditions  with 
regard  to  the  position  in  which  this  pulley  has  to  be 
placed,  as  well  as  the  speed  at  which  it  has  to  move, 
call  for  the  casting  to  be  as  light  as  possible ;  reference, 
of  course,  being  had  to  strength,  and  the  force  to  be 
transmitted.  Few  shops  have  standard  patterns  on 
hand  that  would  fill  the  bill  for  such  an  order ;  and 
to  make  a  full  pattern  would  cost  more  than  the  cus- 
tomer would  be  willing  to  give  for  the  whole  job. 

By  the  system  herewith  illustrated,  pulleys  of  any 
diameter  or  width  of  face  can  be  moulded  in  either 
green  or  dry  sand,  or  loam,  with  but  little  expense  for 
pattern-making. 

Fig.  19  is  a  plan  and  side  sectional  elevation  of  the 
core-box  for  forming  the  hub-arm  and  inside  of  the  rim. 
The  depth  of  this  box,  when  finished,  must  be  equal  to 
one-half  the  width  of  the  face  of  the  pulley,  and  must 
taper  from  one-sixth  of  the  circumference  of  the  inside 
of  the  rim  of  the  pulley  to  the  centre  of  the  hub,  as 
shown  in  the  figure.  The  arc  which  forms  the  rim  of 
the  pulley  should  be  equal  in  depth  to  half  the  width 
of  the  face  of  the  pulley,  less  the  thickness  of  the  flange 
and  fillet.  On  the  top  edge  of  this  arc  we  set  the  loose 
segment  shown  at  which  will  form  the  fillet,  and 
project  over  for  the  flange,  as  shown  at  B.  A  half 
section  of  the  centre  bead,  on  the  inside  of  the  rim  of 


MOULDING  PULLEYS  WITHOUT  A  PATTERN.  29 


the  pulley,  and  also  a  section  of  the  arm  and  hub,  must 
be  set  on  the  bottom,  in  the  positions  shown  at  Q  and 
D,  The  whole  end  or  arc  of  the  box  should  be  made 
loose,  and  held  in  place  with  stout  screws ;  then,  when 
the  core  has  been  made,  and  is  ready  to  lift  out  of  the 


Fig.  19. 


Hub 


Print 


box,  the  screws  can  be  taken  out,  and  the  end  removed, 
and  thus  avoid  all  danger  of  breaking  the  core. 

A  plan  of  the  core-frame  is  shown  at  Fig.  20.  The 
circles,  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  indicate  the  location  of  the 
holes  or  staples  for  inserting  the  hooks  or  lifting-irons. 


80        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


Fig.  21  is  a  plan  of  the  box  for  making  cake  cores, 
which  are  used  for  covering  the  edge  of  the  rim  of  the 
pulley,  as  shown  at  jE,  Fig.  22.    This  box  is  a  plain 


Fig.  21. 


deep,  and  may  be  made  to  any  convenient  length,  pro- 
viding a  number  of  full  cores  will  make  a  complete 
circle  of  the  rim  without  cutting. 


MOULDING  PULLEYS  WITHOUT  A  PATTEEIST.  31 


In  addition  to  the  two  core-boxes  illustrated  above, 
it  is  well  to  make  a  segment  for  the  outside  of  the  rim 
of  the  pulley.  It  is  not  necessary  for  this  segment  to 
be  finished  to  any  particular  size ;  but  it  should  have  a 
straight  surface,  parallel  with  the  face,  so  that  it  may 
be  used  for  the  purpose  of  plumbing  and  setting  the 
segment  true  when  moulding,  as  shown  at      Fig.  22. 

MOULDING. 

The  cut  (Fig.  22)  showing  half  section  of  the  mould, 
with  all  the  cores  set  and  the  cope  closed  down,  rep- 
resents the  mode  of  sweeping  or  moulding  this  style 
of  pulley  in  green-sand  and  dry-sand  cores.  The  cut 
shows  a  hole  dug  in  the  floor  to  the  depth  of  face 
required  plus  the  thickness  of  the  cake  core  shown  at 
E.  The  bottom  of  this  excavation  is  then  rammed 
solid,  and  swept  off  level  and  smooth,  as  shown  at  Cr. 
On  this  level  surface  we  strike  a  circle  —  the  diameter 
of  the  pulley  —  to  serve  as  an  approximate  guide  for 
setting  the  segment  F.  When  the  bottom  of  the  mould 
has  been  swept  off  true,  and  the  circle  struck  as 
described,  we  set  the  segment  F  to  the  line  of  the  diam- 
eter of  the  pulley,  as  shown.  It  is  then  held  firmly  in 
place  with  strong  braces  from  the  centre  of  the  mould. 
We  then  fill  in  the  sand,  and  ram  up  the  outside  level 
with  the  top  edge  of  the  segment,  as  shown  in  part  at 
H.  The  segment  is  then  moved  around  to  the  next 
position,  and  moulded  on  the  outside  as  before,  con- 
tinuing the  operation  until  a  complete  circle  of  the  rim 
has  been  made.  When  the  outside  of  the  rim  has  been 
thu's  formed  and  finished,  we  are  ready  to  set  the  hub 
core  as  shown  in  the  figure. 

The  cut  shows  one  set  of  cores  resting  on  the  bottom 


32       MODEBN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


or  bed  of  the  mould.  A  part  of  the  space  below  the 
hub  core  may,  in  some  cases,  be  filled  up  with  green 
sand  in  order  to  shorten  the  bottom  end  of  the  hub 
core  as  shown  at  J, 

When  the  bottom  set  of  cores  is  placed  in  position, 
the  top  set  can  be  put  on  without  any  trouble,  and  the 
joints  of  the  cores  made  tight  to  avoid  fins  on  the  cast- 
ing. The  rim  of  the  pulley  is  then  covered  with  the 
cake  cores  the  hub  core  set  in  place,  and  covered 
with  a  cake  core,  as  shown.  We  are  then  ready  to 
close  down  the  cope,  put  on  the  necessary  weights,  and 
cast  the  pulley. 

For  large  sized  pulleys,  it  is  well  to  discard  the  seg- 
ment i^,  and  build  up  the  outside  of  the  rim  with  loam, 
as  it  w^ill  be  much  smoother,  and  gives  a  better  appear- 
ance to  the  casting. 


MOULDING  WITH  A  FULL  PATTERK. 


33 


CHAPTER  V. 

MOULDING   DOUBLE-ARMED   PULLEYS   AND   DRUMS  IN 
GREEN  S'AND,  DRY  SAND,  AND  LOAM. 

We  now  come  to  speak  of  double-armed  puUej^s,  and 
will  take  for  an  example  a  large  drum  for  an  elevator 
engine.  This  class  of  work  can  be  made  in  green  sand, 
dry  sand,  or  loam,  as  circumstances  may  determine,  and 
either  with  a  full  pattern  or  with  sweeps  and  cores. 

MOULDING  WITH  A  FULL  PATTERN. 

For  large  sizes,  or  when  the  body  of  the  pattern  is 
too  heavy  to  turn  in  an  ordinary  wood-turning  lathe,  it 
may  be  made  in  two  pieces,  and  then  fastened  together 
with  three  strong  bolts.  These  bolts  can  also  be  made 
to  do  duty  as  draw-irons.  In  the  present  example,  the 
projection  or  ring  A  (Fig.  25)  was  made  loose,  as  was 
also  the  flange  B.  The  openings  0  between  the  arms 
and  at  each  side  of  the  ring  A  are  made  with  cake 
cores. 

The  body  cores  are  made  in  twelve  sections,  six  upper 
and  six  lower.  When  making  the  body  core-box,  the 
same  principle  is  involved  as  illustrated  hj  Fig.  19,  in 
the  preceding  chapter.  After  making  the  proper  exca- 
vation in  the  floor  of  the  foundry,  we  put  in  a  layer  of 
cinders  three  or  four  inches  thick ;  then  five  or  six 
inches  of  sand ;  then  set  the  ring  JL,  fill  in,  and  ram 
up  level  with  the  top.    This  part  of  the  mould  must  be . 


34       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


well  vented  downward  to  the  cinders,  which  will  take 
away  all  the  gas  from  the  bottom  of  the  mould  by  way 
of  the  two  three-inch  pipes,  as  shown  at  Fig.  25.  Now 


set  on  the  body  of  the  pattern,  and  then  place  and 
mould  the  segments  of  flange  and  make  the  parting 
at  centre  of  same.    When  this  is  done,  set  the  main 


MOULDING  WITH  SWEEPS  AND  LOAM.  35 


part  of  the  flask,  fill  in,  mould  up  to  the  top  of  the 
flange,  and  make  parting  along  the  top  of  the  pattern. 
Put  on  cope  part  of  flask,  fill  in,  ram  up,  and  make 
three  l^inch  feed-gates  and  four  l|-inch  risers.  When 
this  is  done,  lift  of£  the  cope,  and  draw  from  the  sand 
the  body  of  the  pattern.  Then  lift  away  the  main  part 
of  the  flask,  and  draw  the  flange  B  and  ring  A.  The 
cores  are  then  put  in  position  as  follows :  First  set  the 
bottom  or  ring  core,  and  then  the  twelve  cake  cores  (7. 
Now  set  the  six  lower  sections  of  the  body  core,  make 
joints,  etc.  This  being  done,  set  the  upper  sections  of 
body  core.  The  upper  and  lower  body  cores  are  set 
to  half  lap  each  other.  Set  hub  core,  and  finish  the 
mould.    Close  it  up,  and  make  feed  channel. 

MOULDING  WITH  SWEEPS  AND  LOAM. 

At  Figs.  23  and  24  we  have  shown  the  method  of 
making  a  similar  casting  with  sweeps  and  loam. 

Having  set  the  step  D,  and  the  spindle  shown  in 
Fig.  23,  we  get  the  strickle-board  JE^  and  bolt  it  to  the 
arm  F.  With  this  we  sweep  off  the  form  of  the  top  of 
the  mould  or  bottom  of  the  cope,  and  on  the  surface 
so  formed  set  the  flask  J",  and  mould  it  up  as  shown ; 
then  lift  it  off,  and  dry  it  in  the  most  convenient  man- 
ner. We  now  make  a  hole  in  the  floor  of  the  foundry, 
and  put  in  a  layer  of  cinders  three  or  four  inches  thick, 
set  the  vent-pipes  shown  at  Fig.  24,  and  then  fill  the 
hole  up  with  sand.  We  now  put  a  cast-iron  ring,  with 
an  inside  diameter  about  two  inches  larger  than  the 
extreme  diameter  of  the  drum  or  pulley,  and  from  seven 
to  ten  inches  wide,  and  bed  it  in  the  floor,  as  shown 
at  L,  This  ring  makes  a  good  bearing-surface  for  the 
brick-work,  as  well  as  a  guide  for  the  point  of  the 


36       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


sweep-board  T.    The  lifting-plate  72  may  now  be  put  on, 


and  the  brick-work  built  up,  as  shown,  using  the  sweep 


MOULDING  WITH  SWEEPS  AND  LOAM.  37 


W  for  a  guide.  When  the  outside  of  the  drum  or 
pulley  has  been  thus  built  up  in  loam,  it  is  hoisted  off 


and  dried,  while  the  bottom  and  inside   are  being 


38       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


moulded.  The  strickle-board  T  is  then  bolted  to  the 
spindle-arm ;  and  with  it  the  bottom  of  the  mould  can 
be  swept  out  to  shape,  using  the  core  print  and  cast- 
iron  ring  L  for  a  guide  as  to  depth. 

When  the  bottom  of  the  mould  has  been  formed  and 
finished,  the  cores  may  be  set  in  the  same  order  as  for 
green-sand  moulding,  the  loam-work  lowered  to  position, 
the  mould  closed,  and  made  ready  to  cast,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  25. 


MOULDING  LAEGE  GEAE-WHEELS.  39 


CHAPTER  VL 

MOULDING  LAEGE  GEAE-WHEELS. 

Foe  the  transmission  of  power  by  machinery,  gear- 
wheels are  frequently  brought  into  action,  and  for 
standard  work  may  be  considered  next  in  order  to 
pulleys. 

Now,  the  manner  of  moulding  any  ordinary  gear, 
where  we  have  a  complete  pattern,  is  too  well  known 


Fig.  26. 


to  require  any  notice  in  these  articles.  But  suppose  a 
special  order  comes  in,  and  we  want  a  gear-wheel  10  or 
12  feet  in  diameter,  2J^^  pitch,  and  9'^  face.    The  quick- 


40       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEBN-MAKING. 


est  and  best  way  to  make  such  a  wheel  is  often  of  more 
than  usual  importance,  and  to  make  a  full  pattern  is 
entirely  out  of  the  question. 

From  among  the  various  ways  of  making  such  wheels 
I  have  selected  the  following,  which  I  will  try  to 
illustrate. 

Fig.  26  is  the  plan  and  elevation  of  a  set  of  arms,  for 
which,  in  many  cases,  it  is  advisable  to  make  a  full 
pattern. 


Fig.  27  shows  a  segment  of  the  rim  of  the  wheel,  and 
a  number  of  teeth  attached.  If  the  distance  is  not  too 
great,  it  is  well  to  make  this  segment  long  enough  to 
take  in  two  arms,  as  shown  in  Fig.  33.  This,  however, 
is  not  of  much  importance,  as  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
teeth  are  generally  a  sufficient  number. 


E 


Figs.  28  and  29. 


Figs.  28  and  29,  or  E  and  F,  are  "strickle"  boards, 


MOULDING  LARGE  GEAK-WHEELS.  41 


the  utility  of  which  will  be  seen  when  we  come  to  the 
moulding  part  of  our  work.  The  face  of  the  strickle- 
board  E  is  made  to  fit  the  top  of  the  rim  at  A,  Fig.  32, 
and  that  of  strickle  F  is  the  form  of  the  inside  of  the 
rim  at  i>,  Fig.  27. 

Now,  if  we  are  pushed  for  time  in  the  pattern-shop, 
or  if  for  any  other  reason  it  is  not  convenient  to  make 


Fig.  30. 


a  pattern  for  a  full  set  of  arms,  as  mentioned  above,  we- 
should  make  a  pattern  of  the  hub  and  one  arm,  as 
shown  at  Fig.  80.  In  either  case  the  hub  and  print 
must  have  a  hole  through  the  centre  to  fit  the  spindla 
used  in  the  foundry. 


42       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


MOULDING. 

Having  prepared  the  floor,  and  set  the  spindle-step 
or  bearing,  we  bed  down  the  arm-pattern,  and  mould  it 
up  level  with  the  top.    We  now  take  the  strickle-board 

and  bolt  it  to  the  arm  of  the  spindle,  as  shown  at  (7, 
Fig.  31.    This  will  scrape  off  the  top  of  the  mould  level 


Fig.  31. 


with  the  pattern,  and  leave  the  correct  form  for  the 
bottom  of  the  cope  and  top  of  the  rim. 

We  now  take  off  the  strickle,  make  parting,  lay  on 
the  cope-flask,  as  shown  at  (?,  Fig.  31,  ram  it  up,  and 


Fig.  32. 


lift  it  off  again.  This  being  done,  take  strickle-board 
F  and  bolt  it  to  arm  of  spindle,  as  shown  at  i),  Fig.  32. 
With  this  scrape  away  the  sand  around  the  outside  of 


MOULDING  LARGE  GEAR-WHEELS. 


43 


the  arms,  leaving  a  level  and  smooth  bottom  for  segment 
of  rim  and  teeth.  Having  done  so,  set  pattern  of  seg- 
ment in  position,  and  press  it  down  hard  enough  to 
leave  the  impression  of  the  ends  of  the  teeth  in  the 
sand ;  or,  what  is  perhaps  better,  shake  a  little  flour 
between  the  teeth.  Then  lift  it,  and  move  it  around 
from  place  to  place  until  the  circle  is  completed.  Should 


Fig.  33. 


it  fall  short,  or  overreach  a  little  in  the  circumference, 
it  can  be  adjusted  by  a  slight  change  in  the  diameter  of 
the  wheel.  Having  thus  decided  on  the  correct  position 
for  it,  we  set  the  segment,  and  ram  up  the  teeth,  as 
shown  at  Fig.  33.  Then  draw  it  from  the  sand,  and 
move  it  around  to  the  next  position,  ram  it  up  again, 
and  so  on  until  the  circle  is  completed.    Then  draw 


44       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 

from  the  sand  the  pattern  of  the  arms,  finish,  and  close 
the  mould. 

When  the  pattern  of  hub  and  one  arm  is  used  instead 
of  the  fall  set  of  arms,  as  mentioned  above,  we  must 
first  take  the  strickle-board  and  scrape  off  the  top 
of  the  mould,  make  parting,  set  on  cope-flask  (7,  ram  it 
up,  and  lift  it  away  again.  Then  use  strickle-board 
as  shown  at  i).  Fig.  82.  Bed  in  and  mould  the  hub 
and  arm;  then  draw  it  from  the  sand,  and  move  it 
around  to  the  next  position ;  ram  it  up  again,  etc.,  until 
finished.  You  are  then  ready  to  use  the  segment  of 
rim  and  teeth  as  before. 


WOKM  GEAR. 


45 


CHAPTER  VII. 

WOEM  GEAR. — DRAWING,  PATTERN-MAKING,  AND 
MOULDING. 

I  THINK  it  was  Josh  Billings  who  said,  "  Some  people 
spend  a  great  deal  of  time  trying  to  twist  the  untwist- 
able,  when  they  might  as  well  sit  down  in  a  washtub, 
take  hold  of  the  handles,  and  try  to  lift  the  unliftable." 

Now,  this  worm  gear  is  a  twisted  question,  and  one 
in  which  Josh's  words  have  been  almost  verified,  as  it 
has  been  the  cause  of  more  discussion  with  regard  to 
the  proper  method  of  drawing,  pattern-making,  and 
moulding  the  same,  than  any  other  form  of  gear. 

In  consideration  of  this  fact,  I  think  the  following, 
which  has  been  proved  to  be  good,  will  be  of  more  than 
ordinary  interest  to  some  readers. 

DRAWING. 

Fig.  34  is  a  plan  and  sections  of  a  screw  and  wheel, 
showing  the  two  forms  of  teeth  in  general  use,  viz., 
the  straight  and  concave,  as  shown  at  F  and  (7.  In  the 
small  drawing  here  shown,  the  curves  of  the  faces  of 
the  thread  of  the  screw  are  portions  of  a  cycloid  gen- 
erated by  the  circle  the  diameter  of  which  is  half 
that  of  the  pitch  circle  of  the  wheel,  rolling  on  the  pitch 
line  BC ;  and  the  curves  of  the  faces  of  the  teeth  of  the 
wheel  are  portions  of  the  involute  of  the  pitch  circle. 


46       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


But  in  making  a  large  drawing,  or  one  for  practical 
purposes,  the  odontograph  is  a  better  form  of  tooth,  as 


it  is  wider  at  the  flank,  and  consequently  stronger, 
and  it  is  also  better  for  moulding,  as  it  draws  from  the 
fiand  much  easier. 


WORM  GEAR. 


47 


The  manner  of  projecting  the  helix  of  the  centre  of 
the  face  of  the  tooth  is  shown  at  Fig.  37.  The  semi- 
circle represents  the  diameter  of  the  body  of  the  screw, 
or  worm.  Divide  this  into  any  number  of  equal  parts, 
as  1,  2,  8,  4,  etc. ;  from  set  off  half  the  length  of 
the  pitch  of  the  screw,  and  divide  it  into  a  number 
of  parts  corresponding  with  those  into  which  the  circle 
has  been  divided,  viz.,  1,  2,  3,  4,  etc.  From  each  of 
these  points  raise  perpendiculars,  and  from  the  points 
correspondingly  figured  in  the  circle  draw  horizontals ; 
those  intersecting  will  give  the  points  through  which 
the  helix,  forming  the  centre   f--^ 


end  of  the  tooth  should  be  made  as  much  narrower 
than  the  centre  of  the  tooth  as  the  difference  in  the  dis- 
tance of  the  travel  may  be,  from  where  the  tooth  first 
comes  in  contact  with  the  screw,  until  it  leaves  the 
same,  as  shown  by  the  arrow  JEE^  Figs.  34  and  36. 

The  angle  of  the  tooth  is  as  the  pitch  of  the  screw  to 
the  pitch  circle  of  the  same.  Example  :  pitch  of  screw, 
2^^;  circumference  of  pitch  circle,  12|^^;  angle  of  tooth, 
2''  in  121-^^    (See  Fig.  35.) 

.  The  pattern  should  be  made  to  part  through  the 
centre  of  the  teeth  and  rim,  at  J  «/,  Fig.  34.  The 


Now,  by  referring  to  Fig. 
35,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
pitch  diameter  at  the  end  of 
the  concave  tooth  is  larger 
than  it  is  at  the  centre  of 
the  tooth,  and  consequently 
travels  farther  when  revolv- 
ing.    For  this  reason,  the 


of  the  face  of  the  concave 
tooth,  may  be  traced. 


i23  4  6Q7  T 

Fig.  37. 


48        MODEBN  MOULDIKG  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

hubs  should  be  loose,  as  they  will  draw  from  the  sand 
easier. 

MOULDING. 

"When  moulding,  use  a  two-part  flask,  bed  the  pattern 
in  the  floor,  and  make  the  parting  at  points  of  teeth 
Fig.  38.    Set  on  body  of  flask  X,  Fig.  39,  fill  in  and 


Fig.  38. 

mould  outside  of  the  rim  and  between  the  teeth,  and 
make  the  parting  at  points  of  the  same,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  39.  Now  put  on  cope  iV,  ram  it  up,  and  make  the 
gate.  Then  lift  off  the  cope,  and  draw  the  upper  half 
of  the  pattern.  While  doing  this  the  pattern  must  be 
turned  to  the  right  or  left,  as  required,  in  exact  ratio 
to  the  angle  of  the  teeth.  Lift  the  body-flask  i,  turn 
it  over,  and  draw  the  remaining  parts  of  the  pattern. 
Set  hub  core,  finish  the  mould,  close  it  up,  and  you  are 
ready  to  cast,  as  shown  in  Fig,  40. 


•WORM  GEAR. 


49 


There  are  other  ways  of  making  these  gears :  some 
use  a  two-part  flask,  and  draw  the  pattern  to  the  centre, 
while  others  prefer  coring  the  teeth. 


Figs.  39  and  40. 


I  might  add  that  the  above  method  also  holds  good 
in  making  angle-toothed  gear. 


• 


50       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING., 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

MOULDING  LARGE  SHEAYE-WHEELS,  AND  FORMING  THE 
RIM  WITH  SWEEPS. 

Many  pattern-makers  and  quite  a  number  of  mould- 
ers have  worked  for  years  at  their  trades,  and  have 
never  seen  a  sheave-wheel  made  without  a  complete 
pattern,  and  would  not  know  how  to  make  one  if  called 


Fig.  41. 


upon  to  do  so.  Although  large  sheaves  are  frequently- 
used,  we  rarely  require  more  than  one  or  two  alike; 
and,  as  the  rim  of  such  a  wheel  is  an  expensive  pattern 
to  make,  it  very  seldom  pays  to  do  so. 


MOULDING  LAEGE  SHE  AVE- WHEELS.  51 


For  this  reason  I  have  concluded  to  illustrate  the 
following  method,  by  which  wheels  having  any  number 
of  grooves  can  be  made  with  but  little  expense  for  pat- 
terns, and  scarcely  any  extra  work  while  moulding :  — 

Fig.  41  is  the  plan  and  elevation  of  a  sheave-wheel 
with  three  grooves.    For  such  a  wheel,  make  a  complete 


Fig.  42. 


pattern  of  hub  and  arms.  The  hub  and  ribs  -4,  on 
the  side  of  the  pattern,  must  be  loose ;  and  the  ends 
of  the  ribs  on  both  sides  should  be  cut  to  the  shape  of 
the  outside  of  the  rim,  as  shown  at      Fig.  43. 

Fig.  42  is  a  core  box  for  the  centre  groove.  It  is  a 
plain  box,  open  on  the  top,  and  a  strickle-piece,  (7,  used 
for  scraping  off  the  same. 

MOULDrN'G. 

When  moulding,  bed  the  pattern  in  the  floor  deep 
enough  to  have  sand  for  forming  the  top  of  the  rim  or 
bottom  of  copes,  and  then  ram  it  up  around  the  outside 
at  D,  Fig.  43,  and  level  with  the  top  edge  of  the  arm. 
We  now  take  the  strickle-board  and  bolt  it  to  the 
arm  of  the  spindle,  as  shown  at  jP,  Fig.  43.  With  this 
scrape  off  the  sand  level  with  the  top  edge  of  the  arms, 
and  also  form  the  outside  of  the  rim  of  the  wheel. 
Having  done  this,  we  put  on  the  loose  ribs  and  hub  A; 
set  the  cope  flask,  and  ram  it  up,  as  shown  at  (r,  Fig. 


52        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEP.N-MAKING. 


43  ;  lift  it  off  again,  and  draw  the  loose  ribs  A.  When 
this  is  done,  take  strickle-board      Fig.  44  (on  which 


n 


has  been  drawn  a  full-sized  sketch  of  the  rim  of  the 
wheel  and  the  core  print  required,  as  shown  at  J"),  and 


MOULDING  LARGE  SHEAVE-WHEELS.  53 

bolt  it  to  the  arm  of  the  spindle  at  K,  With  this  we 
scrape,  away  the  sand  i>,  Fig.  43,  and  form  the  bottom 


of  the  mould  for  the  rim  of  the  wheel,  and  also  the  core 
print,  as  shown  at      Fig.  45. 


64       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


We  are  now  ready  to  take  off  the  strickle-board  and 
spindle,  draw  from  the  sand  the  pattern  of  the  arms, 
and  finish  the  mould. 

Having  done  this,  set  the  rim  and  hub  cores,  close  the 
mould,  make  runner-gate  SQt  on  the  weights,  and 
we  are  ready  to  cast  the  wheel,  as  shown  at  Fig.  46. 


MOULDING  FLY-WHEELS. 


55 


CHAPTER  IX. 

MOULDING   FLY-WHEELS  WITHOUT  A  FULL  PATTERN". 

Fig.  47  is  a  section  and  elevation  of  a  fly-wheel  8'  6^' 
diameter  by  8'^  face,  with  hub  11^'  long. 

Now,  it  frequently  happens  that  the  casting  for  such 
a  wheel  is  wanted  in  a  very  short  time  (say  two  or 


Fig.  47. 


three  days),  and  in  that  case  the  following  method  of 
making  it  is  a  good  one. 

We  make  a  segment  of  the  rim  of  the  wheel,  as 
shown  at  Fig.  48.    The  strips  for  the  panel  in  the  rim 


56        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKI^s'G. 


of  tlie  wheel  should  be  loose  on  one  side  of  the  segment, 
as  they  are  wanted  when  finishing  the  mould. 

We  now  make  the  arm  core  box,  shown  at  Fig.  49. 
This  box  has  a  section  of  the  hub,  the  bead  on  the  in- 


Fig.  48. 

side  of  the  rim  of  the  wheel,  and  also  half  the  arm  of 
the  wheel,  set  in  the  ends  and  bottom,  as  shown  at  E 
and  F.    The  depth  of  the  box  should  be  just  equal  to 


Fig.  49. 

half  the  width  of  the  face  of  the  rim.  In  the  present 
example,  the  face  of  the  wheel  is  8'^ ;  the  depth  of  the 
box  must  be  4^^ 

When  the  hub  of  the  wheel  is  longer  than  the  width 
of  the  face  of  the  rim,  we  make  a  pair  of 
plain  disks  or  washers,  one  of  which  — 
with  hub  core  print  attached — is  shown  at 
Fig.  50. 

These  disks  or  washers  must  be  the  ex- 
act diameter  of  the  hub  of  the  wheel,  and 
the  thickness  of  the  difference  between  the  depth  of  the 
arm  core  box  and  half  the  length  of  the  hub.  Ex- 


Fig.  50. 


MOULDING  FLY-WHEELS. 


67 


ample  :  half  the  length  of  the  hub,  6 J'' ;  depth  of  core 
box,  4'^;  thickness  of  washer, 

Both  these  washers  and  hub  core  prints  must  have  a 
hole  through  the  centre,  about  one-sixteenth  larger  than 
the  diameter  of  the  spindle  used  in  the  foundry. 

(?,  Fig.  51,  is  a  plain  strickle-board,  with  the  projec- 


Fig.  51. 


tions  on  the  bottom  edge  made  to  fit  the  panel  on  the 
side  of  the  segment  of  the  rim ;  and  ZTis  a  piece  made 
to  screw  to  (7,  as  shown  by  dotted  lines.  The  bottom 
end  is  cut  out  in  the  form  of  the  panel  mentioned  above. 


MOULDING. 

When  moulding,  make  an  excavation  in  the  floor  the 


Fig.  52. 


depth  of  the  face  of  the  wheel ;  set  the  step  and  spin- 
dle ;  then  take  one  of  the  washers  and  hub  core  print, 
Fig.  50,  and  bed  it  in,  as  shown  at  J",  Fig.  52. 


58       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


We  now  take  the  strickle-boarcl  (?,  and  bolt  it  to  the 
arm  of  the  spindle,  as  shown  at  K.  With  this  scrape 
off  and  bevel  the  bottom  of  the  mould.    We  are  now 


Fig,  53. 


ready  to  set  the  arm  cores,  fill  in  between  the  arms  and 
around  the  outside,  as  shown  at  i,  Fig.  63.  Having 
done  so,  take  the  strickle-board      and  scrape  off  the 


=1 

1 



w 

 S'M,  ,  i 

Fig.  54. 


top  of  the  mould,  and  form  the  panel  in  the  rim  of  the 
wheel,  as  seen  at  ilf,  Fig.  54. 

The  hub  washer  and  core  print  are  now  set,  as  shown 
at  iV,  and  the  cope  flask  P  put  on,  rammed  up,  lifted 
off  again,  and  finished. 


MOULDING  FLY-WHEELS. 


59 


Now  make  the  strickle-piece  H  fast  to  (?,  and  with  it 
scrape  out  the  sand  around  the  outside  of  the  arm  cores, 
as  shown  at  i2,  Figs.  52  and  53. 

We  can  now  take  the  segment  of  rim,  set  it  in  posi- 
tion, and  ram  up  the  outside,  as  seen  at     Fig.  53. 


Fig.  55. 


We  are  now  ready  to  take  up  the  spindle,  draw  the 
hub  washers  and  print,  finish  the  mould,  close  it  down, 
make  runners,  risers,  etc.,  as  shown  at  Fig.  55. 


60       MODEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CHAPTER  X. 

MOULDING  HEAVY,  WIDE-FACED  BAND-WHEELS,  WITH 
SWEEPS  AND  DRY-SAND  CORES. 

Among  the  many  heavy  castings  required  in  the 
construction  of  general  machinery,  perhaps  none  are 
more  frequently  called  for  than  band  or  balance  wheels. 


Fig.  56. 

There  are,  of  course,  several  good  ways  of  making  such 
wheels  without  a  pattern,  and  the  plan  shown  herewith 


MOULDING  WIDE-FACED  BAND-WHEELSi\V  >^61 

(although  not  perhaps  new)  I  think  is  yet  one  of  th^"^  -^-^^ 
best. 

Suppose  we  need  a  wheel  8'  in  diameter,  2^  face,  with 
six  arms,  as  in  Fig.  66.  We  first  make  a  segment  of  the 


) 

1 

1 

c 

( 

A 

i 

1 
1 

SO 

Fig.  57. 


rim,  as  shown  in  Fig.  57.  This  segment  may  be  made 
any  convenient  length,  say  from  2'  to  2^  &^  long.  On 
each  edge  of  this  segment  we  put  a  print  the  full  length 
and  width,  and  about  2^^  thick ;  also  a  bottom  or  steady 
piece,  and  two  braces,  as  shown  at  B,  If  the  face  of 
the  wheel  is  rounding,  we  screw  parallel  piece  O  on  the 
centre.  This  is  to  be  used  for  plumbing  the  face  of 
the  segment  when  moulding  the  wheel  (Fig.  60). 

Fig.  58  shows  the  box  for  making  sectional  cores  for 
the  face  and  edges  of  the  rim  of  the  wheel,  as  shown 
at  D,  Fig.  61.  It  is  a  plain  box,  open  at  the  top  and 
bottom.  The  cut  also  shows  a  strickle-board  which 
is  used  for  scraping  off  the  face  of  the  core. 


62       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


69  is  the  plan  and  section  of  the  arm  core  box. 

m 


Fig.  58. 


It  should  be  made  half  the  depth  of  the  full  length  of 


Fig,  69. 

the  hub  of  the  wheel.    For  instance :  if  the  hub  of  the 


MOULDING  ^\"IDE-FACED  BAND-WHEELS.  63 


wheel  is  13'^  long,  the  box  should  be  6h^^  deep.  A  sec- 
tion of  the  hub  and  half  the  arm  is  set  in  the  ''hub  end" 
and  bottom  of  the  box,  as  shown  at  F  and  Gr. 


Fig.  60. 

MOULDING. 

Having  made  the  proper  excavation  in  the  floor,  we 


Fig.  61. 


prepare  the  bed  or  the  mould,  and  set  the  spindle  and. 


64       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


hub  core  print  5,  Fig.  60  ;  we  then  take  the  sweep-board 
i",  Fig.  62,  and  bolt  it  to  the  arm  of  the  spindle,  as 
shown  at  J",  Fig.  60. 

The  projection  K  on  the  sweep-board  must  be  the 
length  of  half  the  width  of  the  face  of  the  wheel  and 
the  print  A  or  bottom  board  included,  less  the  depth  of 
the  arm  core  box.  Example:  half  the  width  of  the  face 
of  the  wheel,  12^^  thickness  of  print,  2^^  +  = 
14^^  depth  of  arm  core  box,  6r;  W-6¥'  =  l¥\  as 
shown  at      Fig.  62. 

Having  bolted  the  sweep  to  the  spindle-arm,  as  stated 

O  I  O 

K  r—  

•  Fig.  62. 

above,  we  sweep  out  the  sand,  as  shown  at  i.  Fig.  60, 
and  form  the  bottom  for  segment  of  rim  and  rim  core 
i>.  Fig.  61. 

We  now  take  off  the  sweep,  and  set  all  the  arm  cores, 
as  shown  above.  When  this  is  done,  take  the  segment 
of  rim,  set  it  in  position  as  shown  at  iV,  and  mould  up 
level  with  the  top  of  the  print,  as  shown  at  (9,  moving 
it  around  from  place  to  place  until  the  circle  is  com- 
pleted. We  now  set  the  rim  cores  D,  fill  in  the  sand, 
and  ram  up  the  outside,  set  the  hub  core  and  cover  it 
with  cake  core,  as  shown  at  P.  Set  on  cope  flask,  ram 
it  up,  making  feed-gates,  risers,  etc.,  as  shown  at  Fig.  61. 


GLOBE-VALVES, 


65 


CHAPTER  XI. 

GLOBE-VALVES. 

Figs.  63  and  64  represent  a  side  section  and  end  ele- 
vation of  a  common  globe-valve  ;  and  as  globe-valves  are 
an  important  detail  in  pattern-shop  and  foundry  practice, 
they  will  afford  a  good  subject  for  this  article. 


<   m  -  •  > 


Figs.  63  and  64. 

The  following  tables  give  the  principal  dimensions 
of  globe-valves,  from      to  5|^^  inclusive :  — 


66       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  OF  GLOBE-YALYES  HAYING 
HEXAGONAL  FLANGES: 


From  Y  to  2"  inclusive. 


A 

B 

c 

D 

E 

F 

G 

IT 

J 

J 

M 

i" 

f" 

Iff 

2 

i" 
1" 

H" 
H" 

2" 

tV 

9  // 
16 

r 
1" 

2J'^ 

w 
4// 

16 

9  n 

16 

¥ 
1" 

n" 

If'' 

2\" 

3-" 

16 

A" 

3ff 

3// 
8 

1// 
2 

Iff 

4" 

5// 
8 

3ff 
? 
Iff 
8 

ir 
ir 

2i'' 
21" 

r 
1" 
ir 

2" 
2i" 

2%" 

5ff 
8 

3// 
¥ 
3// 
? 

ir 

ir 

2F' 

f' 

r' 
Iff 

8 

li" 
li" 

11// 

2f' 

1// 

1// 

1// 

Iff 

1// 

1// 

¥ 

1// 

¥ 

3// 

8 

13// 
T6 

if'' 

w 
11" 

2r 

S" 

15// 
-■-8 
15// 
-^8 

2" 

2\" 

21" 

^" 

TABLE  OF  DIMENSIONS  OF  GLOBE-YALYES  HAYING 
ROUND  FLANGES  AND  BOLT-HOLES: 

From  2i"  to  6^"  inclusive,  advancing  by  half-inches. 


"A 

B 

C 

E 

F 

G 

H 

I 

J 

K 

M 

L 

No.  of  Bolts. 

2V 
S" 

w 

4" 

b" 

bi" 

W 
\1" 
12" 
IS" 
U" 
lb" 
16" 

Si" 
S^ 
4.1// 

bi" 
bV 
6i" 

r 
1" 
1" 
1^" 

ni" 
81" 

n" 
i()\" 
11" 
111" 

6i" 
li" 
li" 
8i" 
9" 

lOi" 

Hi" 

SY 

sr 

4" 

b" 

niff 
'^2 

Qi" 

4Y 
bi" 

bV 
bY 
6" 

6r 

61" 

'Iff 

8 

Iff 
8 

1" 
1" 
1" 

6i" 

8i" 

9" 

91" 

m" 

Hi" 

Iff 
2 

1// 
2 

i" 

5// 

8 

5// 
8 

5// 
8 

5// 
8 

1" 
8" 
8" 
10" 
10" 
12" 
12" 

4 
4 
5 
5 
6 
6 
6 

The  figures  in  the  first  column  denote  the  size  of  the 
valve ;  and  those  under  i>,       etc.,  exhibit 

the  proportional  dimensions  of  the  parts  marked  with 
corresponding  letters  on  the  drawing.  Thus,  for  a  2y 
valve,  the  total  length  over  all  is  10'^;  diameter  of  valve- 
stem,  1^^;  diameter  of  flange,  6|^';  diameter  of  bolts,  J^'; 
number  of  bolts,  4 ;  diameter  of  hand-wheel,  T\  etc. 


GLOBE-VALVES. 


67 


Fig.  56  is  a  side  elevation,  while  Fig.  66  may  be  called 
an  auxiliary  view,  showing  the  pattern  in  the  different 
stages  of  construction. 

As  the  pattern  must  be  parted  through  the  centre,  we 
first  get  out  two  pieces  of  wood,  face  them  true  on  one 
side,  peg  them  together  with  two  dowel-pins,  and  hold 
them  in  place  with  a  stout  screw.    This  screw  should 


Fig,  65. 


be  set  so  that,  when  the  pattern  is  finished,  it  will  be 
about  the  centre  of  the  globe  or  body  of  the  pattern, 
as  shown  at      Fig.  66. 

The  blocks,  when  thus  prepared,  must  of  course  be 
large  enough  in  diameter  to  allow  for  turning  the  globe, 
or  body  of  the  pattern ;  also  long  enough  to  make  the 
neck  and  prints,  with  a  liberal  allowance  for  cutting  off 
at  each  end. 

In  making  small  sizes  of  valves,  we  may  say,  up  to 
3J'',  that  it  is  generally  well  to  have  the  block  long 
enough  to  make  the  branch :  by  so  doing  we  can  turn 
both  the  body  of  the  pattern  and  the  branch,  while  the 


68       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


piece  is  in  the  lathe,  and  thus  save  the  time  that  would 
be  occupied  in  preparing  the  wood  for  the  branch  and 
chucking  it  in  the  lathe,  if  these  parts  were  turned 
separately. 

On  very  small  valves,  —  in  fact,  all  the  sizes  given  in 
the  first  table,  —  the  flanges  are  generally  hexagonal  in 
shape,  and  may  be  cut  out  of  the  solid ;  but,  for  the 
larger  sizes,  it  is  better  to  put  them  on  in  separate 
pieces,  as  shown  at  (7,  Fig.  66. 


>- 

OB. 


O 


Fig.  66. 


Having  prepared  the  wood  as  directed  above,  it  may 
be  put  in  the  lathe,  and  rough-turned  down  to  within 
about  i'^  of  the  finished  diameter.  We  then  make  a 
centre  line  around  the  body  of  the  globe,  as  shown  by 
dotted  line  i).  Fig.  66 ;  and  then  at  the  proper  dis- 
tance from  this  centre  line,  on  each  side,  cut  in  the 
checks  for  receiving  the  flanges,  as  shown  at  II. 

The  piece  intended  for  the  branch  should  in  like 
manner  be  checked  in  for  the  flange,  and  also  have  a 
tenon  turned  on  the  bottom  end  as  shown  at  jP,  Fig.  66. 


GLOBE-VALVES. 


69 


At  this  stage  of  the  proceedings,  the  pattern  is  taken 
out  of  the  lathe,  and  the  screw  which  holds  the  pieces 
together  may  be  removed,  and  the  halves  taken  apart. 
The  flanges  may  now  be  fitted  in  place,  and  held  firmly 
with  one  or  more  screws,  as  shown  at  (7.  When  this 
has  been  done,  the  halves  of  the  pattern  may  be  put 
together  again,  and  secured  in  place  with  screws  as  be- 
fore. It  is  then  put  in  the  lathe,  and  turned  to  the 
finished  size. 


Fig.  67. 


We  now  take  out  the  pattern  from  the  lathe,  and  at 
right  angles  with  the  parting;  parallel  with  the  cen- 
tre line  of  the  body,  we  cut  off  the  side  of  the  sphere 
and  also  work  out  the  recess  to  receive  the  tenon 
and  in  that  manner  put  on  the  branch,  as  shown  in  the 
figure. 

At  Fig.  67  we  have  shown  a  plan  of  the  core-box 
required  when  the  partition  and  valve-seat  (7,  Fig.  1, 
follows  with  an  equal  thickness  of  metal  around  the 
circle  of  the  valve-seat  opening. 


70       MODEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKINO. 


To  make  this  box,  we  first  get  a  piece  of  wood  about 
one-half  inch  longer  than  the  pattern  including  the 
prints,  and  of  sufficient  width  and  thickness  to  allow  us 
to  work  out  the  sphere,  and  still  have  about  one  inch  of 
thickness  left  on  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  same,  as 
shown  at  H. 

We  then  mount  the  block  upon  a  face-plate,  and  turn 
out  the  centre.  When  this  has  been  done,  we  may  take 
it  out  of  the  lathe,  and  cut  it  off  to  the  right  length ; 
taking  care  to  have  the  centre  of  the  sphere  an  equal 
distance  from  each  end,  so  that,  by  reversing  the  posi- 
tion of  the  partitions  and  valve-seat,  both  halves  of  the 
core  can  be  made  from  one  box. 

If  the  block  is  not  wide  enough  to  make  the  opening 
for  the  branch,  we  shall  then  have  to  put  on  the  -exten- 
sion piece,  shown  at  J.  We  then  lay  off  the  openings 
for  the  neck  and  branch,  and  cut  them  out  by  hand. 

In  order  to  be  able  to  reverse  the  position  of  the 
partitions,  we  must  have  two  pairs,  or  four  pieces; 
each  piece  being  one-o^uarter  of  a  circle.  They  may 
be  turned  out  of  two  different  pieces,  and  afterwards 
cut  apart,  and,  when  fitted  in  position,  held  so  with  a 
strip  of  wood  made  fast  to  the  top  edge  and  screwed 
to  the  face  of  the  box,  as  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines 
and  screw-heads  shown  at  M, 

When  the  core  has  been  made,  and  is  ready  to  take 
out  of  the  box,  we  remove  the  screws,  and  draw  each 
piece  separately,  and  then  turn  the  core  over,  and  lift 
off  the  body  of  the  box.  Each  half  is  thus  made  sepa- 
rately, and  pasted  together  when  dry. 

For  small  sizes  of  valves,  or  when  there  is  a  great 
number  to  be  made  from  the  same  pattern,  these  parti- 
tions should  be  made  of  brass,  as  they  will  then  keep 


GLOBE-VALVES. 


71 


their  shape,  and  can  be  drawn  from  the  sand  more 
easily. 

MOULDING. 

Globe-valves  may  be  cast  in  almost  any  position,  — 
either  vertically  or  horizontally,  —  and  some  moulders 
even  prefer  to  set  them  on  an  angle. 

A  very  good  method  of  casting  large  sizes  is  shown 
at  Figs.  68  and  69,  and  is  as  follows :  — 

First  take  one  half  of  the  pattern,  and  lay  it  —  face 
down  —  on  a  turn-over  board.    Then  set  in  proper  posi- 


Fig.  68. 


tion  the  bottom  section  of  the  flask,  shown  in  Fig.  68, 
fill  it  in,  and  mould  it  level  with  the  top;  turn  it 
over,  and  make  the  parting  at  iV".  Then  set  the  other 
half  of  the  pattern  in  place,  put  on  the  cope  flask,  set 
the  feed-gate  and  riser-pins,  fill  it  in,  and  ram  it  np  in 
the  ordinary  manner  of  doing  such  work.  We  now 
lift  the  cope  off,  and  draw  the  pattern,  then  finish  the 


72       MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


mould,  cut  the  runners  and  set  the  core  as  shown  in 
Fig.  69.    When  this  has  been  done,  and  the  cope  set 


Fig.  69. 


in  place  and  made  secure  and  tight,  the  mould  is  ready 
to  receive  the  metal. 


CYLINDER  WORK. 


73 


CHAPTER  XII. 

CYLINDER  WORK. 

There  is  no  other  mechanical  term  in  the  dictionary 
so  comprehensive,  nor  one  which  covers  such  a  great 
variety  of  forms,  as  the  word  ''cylinder."  And  —  com- 
paratively speaking  —  there  are  no  other  castings  re- 
quired for  the  construction  of  general  machinery  in 
which  the  quality  is  of  more  importance  than  in  cylin- 
der castings. 


A 


Fig.  70. 


Figs.  70  and  71  are  a  section  and  an  end  elevation  of 
an  air-cylinder  for  a  large  compressor ;  and  in  that  case 
it  is  necessary  for  the  casting  to  be  —  practically  speak- 
ing—  perfect,  as  it  has  to  stand  an  hydraulic  test  of  a 
very  high  pressure. 


74       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


As  will  be  seen  by  the  drawing,  the  cylinder  is  made 
in  two  sections;  the  inside  or  liner  —  which  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  water-jacket  —  being  a  separate  casting 
turned  and  fitted  to  the  body,  the  joints  being  made  at 
the  belts  A. 

The  outside,  or  body  of  the  cylinder,  has  an  opening 


Fig,  71. 


for  a  sediment  door  cast  in  the  bottom,  which  is  after- 
ward covered  with  a  plate,  as  shown  at  Fig.  70. 

The  pattern  for  the  inside  or  liner  is  shown  at  Fig. 
72.  It  has  two  draw-irons  on  the  top  end,  as  shown 
at  U;  and  the  bottom  flange  and  K  print  are  made 
loose  at  the  dotted  line  F. 


CYLINDER  WORK. 


75 


Fig.  73  is  a  side  elevation  of  the  pattern  for  the  body  of 
the  cylinders.  The  flanges,  ribs, 
and  feet  are  loose,  as  shown  at 
dotted  lines ;  and  the  facing  for 
^sediment  door  and  the  boss  on 
the  top  of  the  cylinder  are  also 
loose,  and  held  in  position  with 
the  dowels,  as  shown  in  the 
figure. 

A  plan  and  section  of  the 
core-box  for  the  sediment  door 
opening  is  shown  at  Fig.  75. 
It  is  an  open  box,  parted  through 
the  centre,  and  the  top  made 
concave  to  fit  the  body  core  of 
the  cylinder. 

MOULDING. 

The  plan  of  casting  the  inside 
or  liner  section  of  the  cylinder 
is  shown  at  Fig.  74.  The  bottom 
flange  of  the  pattern  and  the 
print  K  are  first  set  in  the  flask 
j&,  and  rammed  level  with  the 
top,  where  the  parting  must  be 
made.  The  body  flask  ilf  is  then 
put  on,  and  the  pattern  set  in 
place,  moulded  level  with  the 
top  edge  of  the  flange,  and 
parted  at  iV.  We  are  then 
ready  to  set  on  the  cope  P,  ram 
it  up,  and  set  feed-gates  and  '"'Q-  '^2. 

riser-pins,  lift  it  off  again,  and  draw  the  body  of  the  pat- 


76        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


tern ;  while  the  bottom  flange  and  print  will,  of  course, 
remain  in  the  mould  until  the  body  flask  M  is  lifted  off, 
when  it  can  easily  be  drawn  from  the  sand. 

We  are  now  ready  to  finish  the  mould.  Set  the  body 
core,  put  the  flask  M  back  in  place  again,  close  down 
the  cope,  and  make  feed-gates  and  risers  as  shown. 

When  moulding  the  body  of  the  cylinder,  first  set 


II 

iiiii    'ii'ii  Ill  . 

PI 

II 

Ill  1 

1 

III 

Fig.  73. 

the  pattern  in  the  position  shown  at  Fig.  76.  By  setting 
it  thus,  we  have  a  chance  to  fill  in  and  ram  between  the 
ribs  and  feet  G  and  H.  When  the  section  of  the  body 
flask  R  is  set,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  we  can  then  fill  in 
and  mould  up  to  about  the  centre  of  the  pattern.  The 
section  of  flask  S  is  then  set  in  place^  and  moulded  up  to 
where  the  parting  must  be  made.   We  are  then  ready 


78        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


to  set  the  top  section  of  the  flask, 
fill  it  in,  and  ram  it  up,  as  shown 
in  the  engraving.  The  mould 
must  then  be  turned  over,  and 
the  cope  flask  TF",  Fig.  77,  put 
on,  filled  in,  rammed  up,  and 
lifted  off  again.  The  pattern 
can  then  be  drawn  from  the 
sand  as  follows :  — 

First  draw  the  top  flange,  and 
then  the  body  of  the  cylinder ; 
the  ribs,  feet,  bottom  flange, 
Fi9-  75.  and  other  loose  pieces  remain- 

ing in  the  mould.    We,  may  now  lift  off  the  body  flask, 


Fig.  76. 


CYLINDER  WOKK. 


79 


and  set  it  in  the  most  convenient  position  to  dra^v  the 
different  sections  of  the  pattern  still  remaining  in  the 
sand. 


n 


4 


/I  \n 


1^ 


TV 


ur 


7Lr~ 


ur 


When  the  mould  is  finished,  and  the  cores  set,  it  is 
all  closed  up,  as  shown  at  Fig.  77,  and  the  feed-gates  and 
risers  made  much  the  same  as  those  shown  at  Fig.  74. 


80       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE  LOCOMOTIVE  CYLINDER. 

Fig.  78  is  a  horizontal  section  of  a  locomotive  cylin- 
der, showing  the  steam-inlet,  port,  exhaust,  and  other 
details.    Fig..  79  is  an  end  elevation,  with  the  cylinder- 


Fig.  78. 


head  removed.  The  figure  also  sliows  part  of  the  saddle 
flange,  which  extends  across  the  engine,  and  is  bolted 
to  the  smoke-box;  while  a  section  of  the  main  frame,  to 
which  the  side  flange  of  the  cylinder  is  bolted,  is  shown 
at  A,  The  steam-inlet,  exhaust,  and  steam-ports  are 
clearly  shown  in  both  the  figures.    The  exhaust  is,  of 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  CYLINDER. 


81 


course,  to  be  made  of  larger  dimensions,  so  as  to  carry 
away  the  greater  volume  of  expended  steam  after  it  has 
driven  the  piston;  and,  as  shown  in  the  end  view,  the 
steam-ports  extend  through  nearly  a  third  of  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  cylinder. 

The  front  and  back  covers  are  shown  at  HM^  Fig.  78, 


Fig.  79. 

and  are  slightly  concave,  in  order  to  conform  to  the 
shape  of  the  piston,  and  reduce  the  clearance. 

PATTERN  MAKING. 

Figs.  80,  81,  and  82  are  three  views  of  the  pattern, 
and  Fig.  83  represents  the  core-box  for  the  extension  or 
saddle  of  the  cylinder.  The  pieces  L  which  must 
be  made  of  the  size  and  form  of  the  outside  of  the  wall 
of  metal  required  around  the  steam-inlet  and  exhaust 
cores,  should  be  made  loose,  and  held  in  place  with 
dowel-pins  or  screws.  It  is  not  necessary  to  give  any 
illustrations  of  the  other  core-boxes  required;  as  the 
pattern  makers  can  see  all  the  different  shapes  and 


82        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  CYLINDER. 


83 


SO  that  each  individual  can  use  his  own  judgment  with 
regard  to  the  best  way  to  make  the  boxes,  and  be 
guided  in  his  operations  by  different  circumstances  and 
the  facilities  at  hand,  such  as  lumber,  wood-working 
machinery,  etc.  Fig.  80  is  a  front  elevation  of  the 
pattern  of  the  cylinder.  The  prints  for  the  steam-inlet, 
ports,  and  exhaust  cores  are  shown  at     i,  and  D.  The 


Fig.  82. 


pattern  is  made  to  part  through  the  centre  of  the  body 
of  the  cylinder,  as  shown  by  the  dotted  line  0  N.  The 
flange  A  is  made  loose  at  the  dotted  line  Fig.  82,  and 
sits  in  a  rabbet,  as  shown  at  iV,  Fig.  81.  Fig.  82  is  a  plan 
of  the  pattern  showing  the  valve-seat  and  the  bottom 
of  the  steam-chest,  and  also  the  chipping  strips  on  the 
face  of  the  saddle.  Fig.  81  is  an  end  elevation  of  the 
pattern,  and  the  correspondence  of  the  letters  with  those 


84        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


of  Fig.  82  will  show  the  reader  the  different  projections 
of  the  same  parts ;  thus,  L  is  the  joint  for  the  end  of 
the  exhaust  core.  Having  given  the  above  description 
of  the  pattern,  and  how  to  make  it,  we  will  leave  the 
pattern-making  for  the  present,  and  turn  our  attention 
to  an  important  part  of  this  subject ;  viz.,  — 

MOULDING. 

Fig.  84  is  a  sectional  end  view  of  the  mould,  showing 
the  shape  of  the  flask  and  all  the  cores  when  they  are 
set  in  their  proper  positions. 


Fig.  83. 


Fig.  85  is  a  plan  of  the  mould  with  the  cope  lifted 
off,  and  the  steam-inlet,  exhaust,  and  steam-port  cores 
set  in  place. 

As  will  be  seen  by  Fig.  84,  the  flask  is  made  with  a 
jog  or  step,  corresponding  in  shape  to  an  end  view  of 
the  surface  of  the  pattern,  with  the  section  JT,  Fig.  81, 
lifted  off. 

When  the  large  section  of  the  pattern  has  been  set 
in  the  position  shown  in  Fig.  84,  and  the  mould  filled 
in  and  rammed  up  to  the  parting  may  be  made  level 
with  the  edge  of  the  flask.  The  small  section  of  the 
pattern  is  then  set  in  place,  and  the  cope  flask  put  on ; 


THE  LOCOMOTIVE  CYLINDER. 


85 


the  feed-gate  and  riser-pins  set  in  the  position  shown 
in  the  figure,  and  the  mould  filled  in  and  rammed 
level  with  the  top  of  the  flask.  We  now  lift  off  the 
cope,  draw  the  pattern,  finish  the  mould,  and  put  it  in 
the  oven  to  diy. 

The  manner  of  setting  the  cores  is  shown  in  Figs. 
84  and  85,  and  is  as  follows  :  — 

We  first  set  the  core  marked  -4,  Fig.  84,  and  then 


Fig.  84. 


the  steam-inlet  and  exhaust  and  port  cores,  as  shown 
at  Fig.  85.  All  these  cores  must  be  held  in  position  by 
strong  wires  run  down  through  the  bottom,  and  made 
fast  on  the  outside  of  the  mould ;  and  the  outer  ends  of 
the  port  cores  must  be  supported  by  chaplets. 

The  point  of  the  saddle  core  shown  at  Fig.  84  is 
supported  by  chaplets  set  firmly  upon  the  dry-sand 


86        MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


cores,  marked  in  the  same  figure ;  and  the  large  end 
is  tied  to  the  cope.  The  core  for  cutting  out  the  metal 
between  the  side  flange  and  the  body  of  the  cylinder 
is  also  tied  to  the  cope,  as  shown  at  B. 


Fig.  85. 


We  may  now  set  the  cylinder  body  core,  close  the 
mould,  and  prepare  to  cast  the  cjdinder. 


TWO  WAYS  OF  MOULDING  CYLINDEKS.  87 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

TWO  WAYS  OF  MOULDING  CYLINDEKS. 

At  Figs.  86,  87,  and  88,  we  have  shown  a  14x24 
cylmder  with  piston-valve,  and  the  valve-chest  cast  on. 
One  part  of  the  drawing  shows  the  plan,  side  and  end 
sections  of  the  cylinder  casting ;  and  another  part  rep- 
resents the  plan  and  side  elevation  of  the  pattern. 


Fig.  86. 


When  the  cylinder  is  to  be  cast  horizontally,  as 
shown  at  Fig.  92,  the  pattern  should  be  parted  through 
the  centre  of  the  body  of  the  cylinder  and  valve-chest, 
and  also  through  the  upper  part  of  the  stand,  where 
it  joins  the  body  of  the  cylinder.  When  it  is  to  be 
moulded  vertically,  as  shown  at  Fig.  93,  the  centre 


88       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

belt  and  steam-inlet  —  in  fact,  all  the  bosses,  etc.  — 
must  be  loose. 


Fig.  87. 

A  plan  and  section  of  the  valve-chest  core-box  are 
shown  at  Fig.  89.    It  is  a  half  box ;  and  it  will  be  seen  • 


Fig.  88. 

by  the  drawing  that  the  body,  port  and  exhaust  cores 
are  all  made  in  one.    The  pieces  of  wood  which  form 


TWO  WAYS  OF  MOULDING  CYLINDEES. 


89 


the  bottoms,  divisions,  and  side  of  the  port  and  exhaust 
cores,  should  be  loose  and  an  easy  fit,  so  that  they  will 
come  out  of  the  body  of  the  box  with  the  core.  They 


Fig.  89. 


can  then  be  easily  drawn  in  sections,  without  breaking 
the  port  or  exhaust  cores. 


Fig.  90. 

Fig.  90  is  a  side  and  end  section  of  the  stand  core- 
box.    It  is  made  just  the  shape  of  the  inside  of  the 
casting  required ,  and  all  the  brackets  and  pieces,  -Z>, 


90       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


"which  form  the  feet  or  bearing  surfaces  of  the  cylin- 
der, are  loose,  and  drawn  from  the  core  separately. 

A  plan  and  section  of  the  steam- 
inlet  core-box  is  shown  at  Fig.  91. 
It  requires  very  little  explanation. 
It  is  an  open  box,  and  the  top  made 
concave  to  fit  the  valve-chest  body 
core. 

MOULDING. 

A  good  plan  of  moulding  such  a 
cylinder  as  this  is  shown  at  Fig.  92. 
Many  engine-builders  object  to  cyl- 
inders being  cast  horizontally ;  but 
in  this  case  the  metal  which  flows 
up  and  forms  the  stand,  or  foot  of  the  casting,  carries 


Fig.  91. 


^3 


Fig.  92. 

off  all  the  dross  and  dirt  from  the  valve-chest  and  the 


TWO  WAYS  OF  MOULDING  CYLINDERS. 


91 


body  of  the  cylinder,  and  escapes  through  the  four  risers 
shown  at 

When  starting  to  mould  this  cylinder,  first  take  the 
top  section  of  the  pattern  of  the  cylinder  and  the 
valve-chest,  and  place  it  on  a  turn-over  board,  or  some 
other  level  surface.  Then  put  on  the  section  of  flask 
ram  it  up,  and  turn  it  over  into  the  proper  position, 
and  make  the  parting  at  Cr ;  then  put  on  the  bottom 
section  of  the  pattern  of  the  valve-chest  and  the  body 
of  the  cylinder. 

The  section  of  flask  H  may  then  be  put  in  place, 
and  rammed  up  to  J",  where  the  parting  is  made.  The 
section  of  the  pattern         ^  ^  ^ _   


with  the  top  of  the  pattern,  and  the  parting  made  at  L. 
The  cope  flask  may  now  be  put  on  and  rammed  up. 

The  method  of  casting  the  same  cylinder  vertically 
is  shown  at  Fig.  93.  In  this  case  the  end  section  of 
the  pattern  is  first  set  in  the  lower  section  of  the  flask 
shown  in  the  figure ;  the  flask  filled  in,  and  rammed  up 
around  the  prints,  level  with  the  lower  edge  of  the 
flanges,  and  the  parting  made  at  M,  The  part  of  the 
flask  iVis  then  put  in  place,  and  moulded  up  to  P,  where 
the  parting  is  made.  The  main  part  of  the  pattern 
may  then  be  put  in  position,  and  the  flask  R  put  on 
and  moulded  level  with  the  top  of  the  flange,  and  the 
parting  made  at  S.  We  can  then  put  on  the  cope,  and 
ram  it  up.  When  this  has  been  done,  we  are  ready  to 
open  the  mould,  and  draw  all  the  different  sections  of 


which  forms  the  feet 
of  the  cylinder  should 
be  placed  in  position, 
and  the  flask  K  set 
on  and  rammed  level 


Fig.  92a. 


92       MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


the  pattern,  finish  the  mould,  and  close  it  down.  The 
mould  is  then  opened,  and  the  different  sections  of  the 
pattern  drawn  from  the  sand.  When  this  has  been 
done,  we  may  finish  the  mould,  set  the  cores,  close  the 
mould,  make  risers  and  runner-box,  and  we  are  ready- 
to  cast,  as  shown  in  the  figure. 


Fig.  93. 


When  setting  the  cores,  a  space  of  about  i^^  should 
be  left  between  the  port  core  and  the  cylinder  body 
core.  This  allows  the  dirt,  which  would  have  a  tend- 
ency to  lodge  under  the  sides  of  the  ports,  to  pass 
between  the  cores,  and  be  carried  off  by  the  risers  T. 


STEAM-JACKETED  CYLINDERS. 


93 


CHAPTER  XV. 

CASTING  STEAM-JACKETED  CYLINDERS  IN  GREEN  SAND. 

In  our  last  article  we  dwelt  to  a  considerable  length 
upon  the  different  methods  of  making  the  pattern  and 
moulding  cylinders  with  piston  valves-    And  before 


Fig.  94. 


concluding  this  subject  of  cylinders,  I  think  it  will  be 
in  order  to  devote  a  little  time  to  steam-jacketed  cylin- 
ders, for  the  old  reliable  slide-valve  engines ;  and  as  the 


94.      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

slide-valve  cylinder,  in  different  forms,  has  rvin  the  com- 
mercial traffic  of  the  world  for  years,  and  is  at  present 
in  general  use  on  all  the  marine  and  locomotive  engines, 
and  also  on  many  stationary  engines,  the  best  method 
of  making  such  cylinders  is  of  more  than  ordinary 
interest. 

Figs.  94  and  95  represent  the  general  drawing  of  a 


steam-jacketed  cylinder.  The  right-hand  half  of  Fig. 
94  is  a  sectional  plan  of  the  casting  required,  and  the 
left-hand  half  is  a  plan  of  the  pattern ;  while  Fig.  95  is 
a  section  of  the  cylinder,  at  the  division  line  A. 

The  pattern  for  such  a  cylinder  as  the  one  shown 
should  be  made  to  part  through  the  centre,  as  shown 
by  the  dotted  line  Fig.  95;  and  the  feet  should  be 
made  loose,  and  part  from  the  body  of  the  pattern  at 


Fig.  95. 


STEAM-JACKETED  CYLINDEES. 


95 


(7,  Fig.  95.  The  arc  of  the  circle  of  the  exhaust  flange, 
which  projects  bej'ond  the  flange  of  the  valve-chest,  as 
seen  at  i),  Fig.  94,  must  also  be  made  loose,  as  it  will 
have  to  be  drawn  in  towards  the  centre  of  the  mould 
after  the  body  of  the  pattern  has  been  drawn  from  the 
sand. 

The  steam-jacket  core  print,  shown  at  Fig.  94, 
should  be  2i^'  thick,  or  in  other  words  it  should  meas- 
ure 2i'^  from  the  outside  edge  of  the  print  to  the  flange 
of  the  cylinder;  and  the  prints  for  carrying  the  body 
core,  and  also  the  one  for  the  valve-chest  core,  should 
be  at  least  4^^  long.  The  steam-jacket  core  must  be 
made  in  sections ;  these  sections  may  be  made  any  con- 
venient width,  say  from  4'^  to  8'^.* 


G  G  G 


Fig.  96. 


A  side  and  end  section  of  the  steam-jacket  core-box 
is  shown  at  Fig.  96 ;  and,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  drawing, 
it  is  made  open  on  the  top,  and  at  each  end  the  bottom 
is  cut  down  the  thickness  of  the  metal  required  in  the 
body  of  the  cylinders.  The  object  of  this  is  to  have 
the  ends  of  the  jacket  cores  project  over  to  the  body 
core,  as  shown  at  Fig.  103,  and  thus  fill  up  the  space 
between  the  jacket  and  the  body  cores,  which  would 
otherwise  have  to  be  filled  with  green  sand,  after  the 
jacket  cores  were  set  in  the  mould.  The  bridges,  which 
connect  the  steam-jacket  with  the  body  of  the  cylinder, 
are  made  by  setting  pieces  in  the  core-box,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  96. 

A  plan  and  section  of  the  valve-chest  core-box  are 


96       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


shown  at  Fig.  97.  For  such  a  cylinder  as  this,  only  a 
half  box  is  wanted ;  and  it  must  be  the  full  width  of 
the  valve-chest,  by  half  the  depth.  For  instance,  if  the 
inside  of  the  valve-chest  is  12^^  by  26'^,  the  box  must  be 
made  6'^  deep  and  26'^  wide.  Now,  it  sometimes  hap- 
pens that  the  centre  of  the  valve-chest  is  not  level  with 
the  centre  line  of  the  cylinder ;  and  in  such  cases  it  is 
necessary  to  make  two  boxes,  one  for  the  upper  and 
one  for  the  lower  section  of  the  core,  as  in  all  cases  the 
core  must  be  jointed  at  the  centre  line  of  the  cylinder/ 
or  the  parting  of  the  mould. 


Fig.  97. 


A  good  way  to  make  the  box  shown  in  the  figure  is 
as  follows.  First,  get  out  the  lumber  for  the  sides, 
ends,  and  bottom,  and  plane  it  smooth  and  true  on  one 
side  and  one  edge.  When  this  has  been  done,  the  sides 
may  be  gauged  to  the  proper  width,  and  then  checked 
and  screwed  together,  as  shown  at  H  and  J.  The  piece 
marked  ,  which  is  made  to  form  the  valve-seat,  and 
lighten  the  metal  on  the  outside  of  the  port  cores,  as 
shown  at  ilf.  Fig.  94,  must  be  loose,  and  an  easy  fit. 
The  piece  L ,  which  may  be  called  the  print  for  carry- 
ing the  port  and  exhaust  cores,  is  also  loose,  and  should 


STEAM-JACKETED  CYLINDERS. 


97 


be  gained  into  the  end  of  the  box,  and  the  piece  as 
shown  in  the  figure.  Now,  when  the  core  has  been 
made,  L  and  K  can  be  drawn  from  their  places,  and 
the  impression  filled  with  sand.  This  is  done  for  the 
purpose  of  supporting  the  centre  and  edges  of  the  core 
while  it  is  being  turned  over,  and  the  sand  can  be 
easily  removed  when  the  core  has  been  dried.  Then 
cover  the  core  with  a  dry  plate,  turn  it  over,  and  lift  off 
the  box,  finish  the  core,  and  it  is  ready  for  the  oven. 


CENTER  LINE  OF  CYLINDER 


Fig.  98. 


Fig.  i9. 


A  sectional  view  of  the  port  core-box  is  shown  at 
Fig.  99,  and  a  plan  of  the  same,  with  the  cover  or  loose 
pieces  N  and  P  removed,  is  shown  at  Fig.  98.  The 
manner  of  putting  this  box  together  can  be  seen  by  the 
drawings,  and  therefore  requires  no  explanation ;  but 
the  method  of  getting  the  proper  forms  and  curves  is  of 
infinitely  more  importance.  It  is  done  as  follows  :  The 
face  of  the  end  b  should  be  struck  with  a  radius  equal 
to  the  distance  from  the  centre  line  of  the  cylinder  to 
the  outside  of  the  body  core,  or  bore  of  the  cylinder, 


98       MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

as  shown  at  /;  and  the  face  c  should  be  struck  with  a 
radius  equal  to  the  distance  from  the  centre  line  of 
the  cylinder  to  the  face  of  the  core  ;  and  the  inside  of  the 
cover  P  is  struck  with  the  same  radius,  plus  the  thick- 
ness of  the  core.  The  curve  d  must  be  an  arc  of  a 
circle,  struck  with  radii  from  the  centre  line  of  the  cyl- 
inder, and  graduating  from  c  to  e.  The  sides  and  ends 
a  and  5,  Fig.  98,  should  stand  the  thickness  of  the  core 
above  the  bottom  of  the  box,  and  at  a  point  equal  to 


CENTER  LINE  OF  CYUNDER 


Fig.  100. 


the  distance  from  the  centre  line  of  the  cylinder  to  the 
face  of  the  valve-seat ;  the  bottom  is  cut  back  the  thick- 
ness of  the  metal  required  between  the  port  and  exhaust 
cores,  as  shown  at  Fig.  99.  For  the  better  under- 
standing of  this,  it  will  be  well  to  refer  to  Fig.  102, 
where  the  cores  can  be  seen  in  the  mould. 

The  left-hand  half  of  the  exhaust  core-box  is  shown 
at  Fig.  100,  and  the  drawing  almost  explains  itself. 
The  arc  of  a  circle  marked  A  is  struck  with  a  radius 


STEAM-JACKETED  CYLINDEES. 


99 


equal  to  half  the  diameter  of  the  body  core,  with  the 
thickness  of  the  metal  required  between  the  cylinder- 
body  and  exhaust  cores  added;  and,  in  like  manner, 
the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  box  should  correspond  with 
the  shapes  of  the  same  surfaces  of  the  exhaust,  as  shown 
on  the  general  drawing.  Figs.  94  and  95. 


Fig.  101. 


MOULDING. 

The  method  of  moulding  is  shown  at  Figs.  101,  102, 
and  103.  Fig.  101  is  a  sectional  end  view  of  the  mould, 
when  closed  and  ready  to  cast ;  Fig.  102  is  a  plan  of 
the  mould  through  the  centre  of  the  cylinder,  showing 
all  the  cores  set  in  their  proper  position ;  and  Fig.  103 


100      MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

is  a  plan  of  the  mould  when  closed,  showing  the  pour- 
incr-basin,  and  also  the  location  of  the  risers,  or  flow- 
off  gates,  shown  at  R, 

The  first  operations  when  moulding  this  cylinder  are 


Fig.  102. 


much  the  same  as  illustrated  in  the  preceding  chapter ; 
and,  in  like  manner,  the  metal  which  flows  up  and  forms 
the  feet  and  flange  of  the  exhaust  opening,  carries  off 
all  the  dross  and  dirt  from  the  face  of  the  valve-seat 
and  the  body  of  the  cylinder  and  escapes  through  the 


STEAM-JACKETED  CYLINDERS. 


101 


risers,  or  flow-off  gates,  shown  at  Fig.  103,  and  that 
insures  good  solid  metal  in  all  the  working  parts  of  the 
casting. 

When  starting  to  mould  this  cylinder,  first  take  the 
top  section  of  the  pattern  of  the  cylinder  and  valve- 


O  RQ 


o 


Fig.  103. 

chest,  and  place  it  on  a  turn-over  board.  Set  on  the 
section  of  flask  ram  it  up,  turn  it  over,  and  put  it  in 
proper  position,  and  make  parting  at  B;  next  set  on 
the  bottom  section  of  pattern  of  the  valve-chest,  and 
the  body  of  the  cylinder,  including  the  feet.    The  sec- 


102     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


tion  of  the  flask  marked  G  may  then  be  put  in  place, 
and  rammed  up  to  D,  The  parting  is  now  made  along 
the  top  surface  of  the  feet  and  between  the  same,  and 
cut  down  to  the  exhaust,  as  shown  in  the  figure.  When 
the  cope  is  in  position,  and  rammed  up,  the  mould  is 
opened,  and  the  different  sections  of  the  pattern  drawn 
from  the  sand.  After  this  has  been  done,  we  may  finish 
the  mould,  set  the  cores,  as  shown  at  Fig.  103,  and  then 
close  it  down,  as  shown  at  Fig.  102. 

Should  it  be  deemed  well  to  cast  such  a  cylinder 
vertically,  we  may  follow  (with  very  slight  variations) 
the  same  method  shown  at  Fig.  93,  in  the  preceding 
chapter. 


CASTING  LAKGE  CYLLNDEKS  IN  LOAM. 


103 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

CASTING  LARGE  CYLINDEHS  IN  LOAM. 

No  other  method  of  making  castings  requires  so 
little  pattern-making  as  loam-work.  In  fact,  we  can 
almost  say  that,  in  this  branch  of  the  business,  the  reg- 
ular pattern-maker  is  dispensed  with  entirely. 


Fig.  104. 

Fig.  104  is  a  sectional  elevation  of  a  large  cjdinder, 
intended  to  be  cast  in  loam ;  and,  in  this  case,  all  that 


Fig.  105. 


is  wanted  from  the  pattern-shop  is  the  loam-board  (r, 
shown  in  Fig.  105.  It  might  be  called  a  templet  for 
forming  the  outside  of  the  casting  required. 

MOULDING. 

Having  made  the  proper  excavation  in  the  floor,  and 


104     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


set  the  spinclle-step  Fig.  106,  get  a  sufficient  number 
of  stands,  such  as  are  shown  at  jB,  and  set  them  quite 
solid  and  level  in  the  bottom  of  the  mould.  Upon 
these  place  the  strong  cast-iron  plate  C.  The  outside 
diameter  of  this  plate  should  be  equal  to  that  of  the 


Fig.  106. 


brick  wall  required  for  the  mould,  and  the  hole  in  the 
centre  about  &^  or  8'^  smaller  than  the  inside  diameter 
of  the  cylinder.  The  inside  edge  should  have  an  angle 
of  about  45°,  as  shown  at  D. 

Having  thus  prepared  a  good  solid  foundation  for 
the  brick  wall,  the  spindle  is  set  plumb,  and  held  in 


CASTING  LARGE  CYLINDERS  IN  LOAM. 


105 


position  by  the  brace  E ;  the  loam-board  (7,  Fig.  105, 
being  bolted  to  the  arms  F,  We  are  now  ready  to  build 
the  brick  wall,  using  the  loam-board  for  a  guide  as  to 
plumb,  inside  diameter,  shape,  et«.  When  the  wall  has 
been  completed,  it  is  lined  with  a  coating  .of  loam, 
shown  at  H;  the  board  G  being  again  used  for  the 
purposes  mentioned  above. 

When  this  has  been  consummated,  and  the  loam- 


Fig.  107. 


board  and  spindle  removed,  we  are  ready  to  dry  the 
mould.  A  good  plan  to  do  this  is  shown  at  Fig.  107, 
and  requires  very  little  explanation.  The  heat  dries 
the  mould  as  it  rises  from  the  fire,  which  has  been  kin- 
dled in  the  temporary  furnace  shown  in  the  figure. 

The  method  of  making  core-irons  is  shown  at  Fig. 
109.  The  bottom  plate  J  is  made  to  fit  the  hole  in 
the  centre  of  the  foundation  plate  (7,  Fig.  106.  The 


106     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

centre  or  lifting-bar  K  is  made  fast  to  the  plate 
and  the  side  wings  L  are  held  in  position  by  the 
hinged  arms  M.  The  side  wings  L  should  be  about 
1^'  thick,  and  any  con^venient  width.  When  the  brick 
core  has  been  made,  and  coated  with  loam,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  108,  it  is  ready  for  drying. 

After  the  core  and  mould  are  both  thoroughly  dried, 


Figs.  108  and  109. 


the  fire  is  taken  out  of  the  bottom  of  the  mould,  the 
core  is  set  in  position,  and  the  mould  closed. 

Now,  when  the  cylinder  has  been  cast,  and  the  metal 
just  set,  the  side  wings  L  may  be  drawn  out  of  the 
brickwork  of  the  core  up  into  the  position  indicated  by 
the  dotted  lines,  Fig.  109.  This  allows  the  core  to  be 
pressed  in  by  the  shrinkage  of  the  metal,  and  thus 
avoids  the  danger  of  breaking  the  casting. 


TOOL  WOEK. 


107 


CHAPTEE  XVII. 

TOOL  WOEK.  —  PATTEEN-MAKING  AND  MOULDING 
LAEGE  FACE-PLATES. 

We  now  come  to  another  important  class  of  work, 
viz.,  machine  tools ;  and,  for  the  first  example,  we  will 
take  the  large  face-plate,  shown  in  section  and  eleva- 
tion at  Figs.  110  and  111. 

The  marks  are  intended  to  represent  the  bolt- 
holes,  which  must  be  made  square  and  cored  out.  Al- 
though not  shown  on  the  drawing,  a  number  of  these 
cores  must  be  set  between  all  the  arms :  this  is  in  order 
to  allow  the  lathe-man  to  put  in  the  requisite  number 
of  bolts,  to  hold  the  work  securely  to  the  face-plate.  A 
T-shaped  core  runs  through  the  arm  from  the  bore  of 
the  hub  to  the  outside  of  the  rim.  An  opening  for  in- 
serting the  bolts  through  the  back  of  the  arm  is  shown 
at  a,  Fig.  111.  All  the  projections  cZ,  Fig.  Ill,  also 
have  a  T-shaped  core  in  the  centre,  as  shown  at  e  in 
the  same  figure. 

PATTEEN-MAKING. 

For  the  purpose  of  casting  such  a  large  face-plate  as 
this,  the  sections  of  the  pattern  illustrated  in  the  an- 
nexed figure  answer  the  requirements  of  the  moulder 
quite  as  well  as  a  full  pattern,  inasmuch  as  they  are 
lighter,  and  consequently  easier  to  handle  and  draw 
from  the  sand. 


108     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

Fig.  112  represents  the  pattern  of  the  hub.  To  make 
this  pattern,  we  get  out  a  number  of  pieces  of  2^'  plank, 
joint  the  edges,  and  glue  them  all  together.  The 
pieces,  when  thus  jointed  and  glued  together,  should 
make  one  piece  so  large  that  the  disk  J.,  or  bottom  of 
the  pattern,  could  be  cut  out  of  it.  We  mount  this 
disk  upon  a  lathe-chuck,  put  it  in  the  lathe,  face  it 
off,  and  build  up  with  segments  the  rings  B  and  O. 
When  these  rings  have  been  built  up  to  within  about 
1|^^  of  the  finished  depth  of  the  pattern  at  the  bore, 
they  must  be  covered  with  another  disk  made  of  2^^ 
lumber.  By  referring  to  the  figure,  it  will  be  seen  that 
this  disk  has  a  bearing  of  only  about  on  the  inside 
edge  of  the  ring  G,  thus  allow^ing  a  good  margin  or 
bearing  for  the  segments,  with  which  we  build  up  the 
balance  of  the  ring,  or  outside  of  the  pattern.  These 
segments  cover  the  end  grain  of  the  wood,  and  so  pre- 
vent the  pattern  from  warping  or  changing  its  shape 
by  shrinkage.  When  the  pattern  has  been  built  up  in 
the  rough,  as  described,  and  the  glue  thoroughly  dried, 
it  may  be  turned  to  the  proper  size  and  shape. 

A  plan  and  side  elevation  of  the  arm  pattern  is  shown 
at  Figs.  113  and  114.  A  full  set  of  these  arms  will  be 
required,  and  can  be  made  in  the  following  manner. 

First  prepare  the  wood  for  the  bottom  or  web  part 
of  the  arms ;  it  should  be  of  a  length  sufficient  to 
reach  from  the  hub  to  the  rim,  equal  in  thickness  to 
that  of  the  web,  and  about  two  or  three  inches  wider 
than  the  arm.  The  inside  end  should  be  cut  to  fit  the 
hub,  and  the  outside  end  to  fit  the  rim.  Then  run 
a  gauge  mark  through  the  centre,  and  on  each  side  of 
this  gauge  mark  draw  lines  to  represent  the  edge  of 
the  arm.    Now  rip  out  the  stuff  for  the  arms,  dress  it 


TOOL  WORK.  109 


Fig,  117. 


110     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 


off  to  the  desired  width  and  thickness,  put  on  the  rib 
i),  fitting  pieces  JE^  and  cut  the  ends  to  fit  the  hub  and 
rim.  It  is  afterwards  set  to  the  representative  lines  on 
the  web  part,  held  firmly  with  hand  screws,  and  when 
in  that  position  the  holes  are  bored  for  the  dowel  pins 
shown  in  Fig.  113. 

Fig.  114  is  a  plan  and  side  elevation  of  the  part  c?, 
shown  on  the  general  drawing. 

Fig.  115  is  a  plain  block,  made  to  the  proper  size 
and  shape,  and  calls  for  no  further  explanation  except 
that  a  full  set  will  be  needed ;  in  the  present  example, 
sixteen  had  to  be  made. 

One  view  of  a  section  of  the  rim  is  shown  at  Fig. 
116.  These  sections  must  be  long  enough  to  reach 
from  centre  to  centre"  of  the  arms,  and  of  a  sufficient 
number  to  make  a  complete  circle  of  the  rim  when  set 
in  position  in  the  mould. 

A  plan  and  end  section  of  the  arm  core-box  is  shown 
at  Fig.  117.  The  core  ^,  Fig.  Ill,  can  also  be  made  in 
this  box  by  stopping  it  off  to  the  proper  length. 

MOULDING. 

The  method  of  moulding  this  face-plate  is  shown  at 
Figs.  118  and  119.  Fig.  118  is  a  plan  showing  the 
mould  at  different  stages  of  procedure  with  the  work ; 
and  Fig.  119  is  a  sectional  view,  with  the  cores  all  set, 
and  the  mould  closed  and  ready  to  cast. 

As  shown  in  the  engraving  Fig.  119,  this  face-plate 
is  moulded  face  down,  which  method  insures  sound 
metal,  and  a  smooth  surface  on  the  face  of  the  casting. 

When  starting  to  mould  this  or  any  casting  of  a 
similar  form,  we  first  make  a  hole  in  the  floor  of  the 
foundry  deep  enough  to  allow  for  a  good  bed  for  the 


TOOL  WORK.  Ill 

mould,  which  should  be  made  with  a  layer  of  from 


Fig.  118. 

three  inches  to  five  inches  of  cinders  or  eoika,  aoveredl 


112     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


ill 


with  about  the  same  thickness  of 
sand.  This  bed  is  then  swept  off 
smooth  and  level,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  118 ;  the  hub  pattern  placed 
in  the  centre  of  the  bed ;  and  the 
bottom  or  web  sections  of  the 
arm  patterns  and  the  segments  for 
the  rim  are  all  set  in  position  as 
shown  at  B,  Fig.  118.  Fill  in  the 
sand,  and  mould  up  the  thickness 
of  the  web  between  the  arms  as 
seen  at  (7,  and  the  full  depth  of 
the  rim  on  the  outside  as  shown 
at  D,  Figs.  118  and  119.  The 
upper  or  back  sections  of  the 
arm  patterns,  and  all  the  scroll 
bosses  and  projections  shown  at 
may  then  be  set  in  place,  and  the 
cope  put  on  and  moulded  up,  as 
shown  at  F  in  both  the  engrav- 
ings. Now  lift  the  cope  off,  and 
draw  all  the  patterns.  The  thick- 
ness of  the  web  of  sand  standing 
between  the  arms  as  shown  at  0 
—  which  has  answered  instead  of 
a  pattern  —  must  now  be  swept 
out,  and  the  whole  surface  of  the 
mould  finished,  and  well  vented 
downwards  to  the  bed  of  cinders 
or  coke. 

After  finishing  the  mould,  set 
the  cores,  close  down  the  cope, 


and  prepare  to  cast  as  shown  at  Fig.  119. 


THE  LATHE  SPINDLE. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

THE  LATHE  SPINDLE. 

Fig.  120  is  a  sectional  elevation 
of  a  large  lathe  spindle  ,  and  in 
this  chapter  we  will  try  to  illus- 
trate a  good  way  to  make  the  pat- 
tern, and  mould  it  or  any  other 
similar  casting.  This  class  of  work 
should  always  be  cast  vertically; 
and,  as  it  is  necessary  to  have  good 
sound  metal  in  the  main  bearing, 
it  should  be  cast  with  the  large 
end  down. 

The  method  of  making  the  pat- 
tern is  illustrated  at  Fig.  121.  One 
half  of  the  engraving  represents 
the  pattern  when  finished  and  put 
together,  and  the  other  half  is  a 
sectional  view  showing  how  each 
section  of  the  pattern  is  built.  The 
pattern  was  made  in  four  sections, 
and  parted  at      5,  and  0. 

To  make  the  large  flange  section 
marked  D  in  the  engraving,  we 
first  prepare  a  number  of  pieces 
of  li^^  planks,  and  glue  theia  togeiher. 


114     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


pieces  have  been  put  together  as  directed,  the  piece 
should  be  large  enough  to  allow  us  to  cut  out  a  disk 
about       larger  in  diameter  than  the  finished  edge  of 

the  pattern.  The  disk  is  then 
mounted  on  a  face  plate,  put  in 
the  lathe,  and  faced  off.  The 
balance  of  the  thickness  is  then 
built  up  with  two  or  more  courses 
of  segments  as  shown  at  O. 
When  the  glue  has  become  thor- 
oughly dried,  the  pattern  may- 
be turned  to  the  finished  size. 
After  the  pattern  has  been  turned 
to  size  and  taken  out  of  the 
lathe,  there  should  be  a  number 
of  stout  screws  put  through  the 
disk  into  the  first  course  of  seg- 
ments. These  screws  will  assist 
the  glue  in  holding  the  joint 
and  prevent  the  pattern  from 
changing  shape  and  warping. 

We  will  now  proceed  to  make 
the  section  of  the  pattern  marked 
JS  in  the  engraving.  This  is  done 
by  what  is  called  staving  or  lagg- 
ing, and  is  performed  in  the  fol- 
lowing manner :  — 

As  in  Fig.  122,  with  a  radius 
equal  to  half  the  diameter  of  the 
pattern,  less  the  thickness  of  the 
wood  which  we  intend  to  use  for 
the  staves,  draw  the  circle  a;  divide  this  circle  into 
as  many  equal  parts  as  there  are  to  be  staves  in  the 


Fig.  121. 


THE  LATHE  SPINDLE. 


115 


pattern;  from  these  points  draw  the  radial  Jines  b  e. 
If  lines  are  drawn  cutting  the  intersections  of  the 
radial  lines  with  the  circle,  we  produce  a  rectilinear 
figure  having  as  many  sides  as  the  circle  a  has  been 
divided  into  parts,  which  will  be  the  size  and  shape 
to  cut  out  the  heads  or  pieces  to  which  the  staves  must 
be  fixed.  The  heads  should  be  cut  out  of  lumber 
sufficiently  thick  to  stand  the  nails  or  screws  which 
hold  the  staves  in  position,  and  they  should  also  have  a 
stout  batten  glued  and  screwed  across  the  back.  This 
will  give  additional  stability  to  the  pattern,  and  allow 


Fig.  122. 


the  moulder  to  insert  rapping  irons  without  any  danger 
of  splitting  the  heads.  To  determine  the  width  and 
bevel  for  the  staves,  we  take  as  a  centre,  and  draw 
the  circle  ^,  or  an  arc  thereof,  a  little  larger  in  diameter 
than  the  intended  pattern ;  join  the  radial  lines  h  (?, 
touching  the  line  of  the  circle,  and  we  have  the  proper 
width  and  bevel  for  the  staves  when  finished :  so  that, 
when  preparing  the  staves  in  the  rough,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  cut  them  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  wider, 
which  will  be  ample  stock  for  jointing  the  edges.  The 
staves  should  be  cut  off  at  least  half  an  inch  longer  than 
the  finished  pattern,  the  extra  length  being  easily  cut 
off  in  the  lathe. 


116     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

The  staves  may  be  prepared  rapidly  by  tilting  the 
saw-table  to  the  angle  required  for  the  staves,  and  then 
adjusting  the  gauge  to  the  correct  width.  Each  time 
a  stave  is  sawed,  the  board  is  reversed.  This  method 
not  only  effects  a  saving  of  time,  but  entails  no  loss  of 
lumber.  In  building  the  pattern,  each  stave  should  be 
jointed  on  the  edges  and  glued  to  its  fellow  and  to  the 
heads,  to  which  latter  they  should  also  be  nailed  or 
screwed. 

When  the  pattern  has  been  thus  built  up  in  the 
rough,  it  may  be  put  in  the  lathe,  turned  to  the  finished 
diameter,  and  the  rabbet  cut  on  the  ends  to  fit  the 
chambers  on  the  flange  D  and  the  collar  as  shown  at 
B  and  (7,  Fig.  121.  The  distance  between  the  shoul- 
ders of  the  rabbets  should  be  equal  to  the  distance 
between  the  fillets  on  the  flange  and  collar ;  for  the 
fillets  must  be  on  the  latter  part^  in  order  to  avoid 
cross-grain.  The  collar  F  being  a  plain  ring,  it  may  be 
built  up  with  segments,  and  turned  to  the  proper  size 
and  shape  in  the  usual  way  of  doing  such  work. 

We  have  now  come  to  the  last  and  most  important 
section  of  the  patterns,  viz.,  the  cone ;  and,  as  this  is 
the  only  chapter  in  which  the  cone  has  been  introduced, 
we  will  take  it  as  an  example  or  illustration  of  the 
method  of  building  cone-shaped  patterns. 

The  first  step  is  to  make  a  full-sized  sketch  of  the 
pattern,  or  a  portion  thereof  large  enough  for  us  to 
determine  upon  the  sizes  and  number  of  pieces  of  wood 
to  be  used  in  its  construction. 

By  referring  to  Fig.  121,  it  will  be  seen  that  a  con^ 
siderable  portion  of  the  small  end  of  the  pattern  has  to 
be  made  parallel;  and,  in  order  to  save  lumber  and  time 
in  turning,  the  staves  are  made  in  two  lengths.  The 


THE  LATHE  SPINDLE. 


117 


size  and  bevel  of  the  staves  for  the  parallel  part  of  the 
pattern  may  be  determined  in  the  same  manner  as 
illustrated  in  Fig.  122. 

At  Fig.  123  we  illustrate  the  method  of  obtaining 
the  size  and  bevel  of  the  staves  for  the  body  of  the  cone. 

With  a  radius  equal  to  half  the  diameter  of  the  pat- 
tern at  each  end,  less  the  thickness  of  the  lumber  that 
is  to  be  used  for  the  staves,  describe  the  semicircles  ef. 
Divide  the  semicircle  /  into  half  as  many  equal  parts 
as  there  are  to  be  staves  in  the  pattern.  From  these 
points  draw  radial  lines,  as  shown.  If  we  now  draw 
lines  cutting  the  intersection  of  the  radial  lines  with 


Fig.  123. 

the  semicircles  ef^  we  have  a  rectilinear  figure  which 
will  represent  the  size  .aud  shape  to  cut  the  heads  or 
end  pieces. 

We  now  take  Ti  as  a  centre,  and  describe  the  semi- 
circle km^  or  an  arc  thejeof,  a  little  larger  than  the 
finished  diameter  of  th^  pattern ;  join  the  radial  lines, 
touching  the  lines  of  the  semicircles  k  m,  and  we  pro- 
duce an  outline  of  the  finished  size  and  shape  of  the 
staves  at  each  end,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  and  the 
length  can  be  taken  from  the  full-sized  sketch.  Allow 
about  half  an  inch  in  the  length  for  cutting  off  in  the 
lathe. 


118     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


Get  a  piece  of  board,  and  cut  a  jog  in  one  edge  cor- 
responding in  length  and  taper  to  that  of  the  staves. 
If  we  now  place  the  board  from  which  the  staves  are 
to  be  cut  in  this  jog,  and  pass  the  whole  across  the 
circular  saw,  a  stave  will  be  cut  off.  Reverse  the  board 
endwise,  and  proceed  as  before  until  a  sufficient  number 
of  staves  have  been  cut  off. 

The  next  step  is  to  prepare  a  centre  bar,  upon  which 
to  build  the  pattern.    This  bar  should  be  about 
square,  and  of  sufficient  length  to  reach  through  both 
the  parallel  and  tapered  parts  of  the  pattern,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  121. 

Having  prepared  the  centre  bar  as  directed,  we  cut  a 
square  hole  through  the  centre  of  the  head  piece,  just 
large  enough  to  allow  the  bar  to  be  put  through.  The 
head  pieces  are  then  put  on  the  bar,  and  set  in  the  posi- 
tion shown  in  the  figure,  and  held  firmly  with  nails  or 
screws.  The  staves  should  now  be  glued  and  nailed  on. 
When  the  glue  has  dried,  the  pattern  thus  built  up  in 
the  rough  is  put  in  the  lathe,  and  turned  to  the  finished 
size.  I  may  add,  that,  in  addition  to  the  required 
length  of  the  casting,  the  pattern  should  have  about 
four  or  five  inches  allowed  for  riser  head,  as  shown  at 
H.  The  prints  should  be  loose,  and  held  in  position 
with  dowel-pins. 

A  half-core  box  should  be  made  for  this  pattern ;  but 
it  will  be  unnecessary  to  describe  its  construction  in 
detail,  as  the  process  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  build- 
ing the  pattern,  the  staves  being  arranged  on  the  inside 
of  the  heads  instead  of  the  outside,  and  worked  out 
with  a  round-sole  plane. 


THE  LATHE  SPINDLE. 


119 


MOULDING. 

The  method  of  moulding  is  shown  at  Figs.  124,  125, 
and  126.    Fig.  124  is  a  sectional  view  of  the  mould 


0  W  : 

Fig.  124. 

when  closed  and  ready  to  cast;  Fig.  125  is  a  plan 


120      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

through  J.,  showing  the  feed-gates  and  other  parts  of 
the  mould,  while  Fig.  126  represents  a  plan  of  the 
pouring-basin. 

As  will  be  seen  by  the  engraving,  the  greater  part 
of  the  mould  is  made  in  a  pit ;  so  that  the  first  step 
is  to  make  a  hole  in  the  floor  the  requisite  depth,  and 
wide  enough  to  allow  us  to  work  on  the  outside  of  the 
flask.    When  the  bed  for  the  mould  has  been  made  in 


Fig.  125. 


the  bottom  of  the  pit,  the  pattern  is  set  in  position ;  and 
then  the  first  section  of  the  flask  is  put  on,  filled  in, 
and  moulded  up  to  J.,  where  a  parting  is  made.  Each 
section  of  the  flask  is  thus  put  on,  filled  in,  and  moulded 
up  separately,  until  we  come  up  to  E.  The  sections 
are  then  lifted  off  separately,  finished,  and  set  in  the 
oven  to  dry.    When  every  section  has  been  thoroughly 


THE  LATHE  SPINDLE. 


121 


dried,  the  two  bottom  sections  may  be  lowered  into 
their  place  in  the  pit.  The  core  must  now  be  set  in 
place,  as  it  would  be  hardly  possible  to  lower  it  down 
through  the  small  opening  in  the  centre  of  the  third 
section  of  the  mould,  without  injuring  either  the  core 


Fig.  126. 


or  the  mould,  or  perhaps  both.  The  other  three  sections 
of  the  mould  may  now  be  set  on,  and  the  pit  filled  in 
around  the  outside  of  the  flasks,  and  rammed  up  level 
with  the  line  of  the  floor,  as  shown  at  A» 


122     MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING, 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

THE  HEAD-STOCK. 

The  engravings  shown  in  this  chapter  represent  the 


Fig.  127. 

head-stock  of  a  fourteen-feet  swing  pit-lathe  built  by 
the  Beckett  &  McDowell   Manufacturing  Company, 


THE  HEAD-STOCK. 


123 


Arlington,  N.  J. ;  and  it  will  answer  for  a  good  illus- 
tration of  this  class  of  pattern-making  and  moulding. 

Figs.  127  and  128  are  end  views,  showing  the  form 
and  thickness  of  the  metal,  and  the  bearing-caps  set  in 
place.    Figs.  129  and  130  are  the  plan  and  side  eleva- 


Fig.  128. 


tion  of  the  casting,  and  they  also  serve  to  illustrate  the 
method  of  constructing  the  pattern. 


PATTERN-MAKING. 


Although  this  pattern  is  moulded  with  the  bearings 
down,  as  shown  at  Figs.  131  and  132,  it  is  better  to 
make  it  in  two  pieces,  and  part  it  through  the  centre 
of  the  bearings  and  the  rib      Fig.  130,  as  it  will  be 


124      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

lighter  to  handle ;  and,  when  set  in  position  to  mould, 


it  can  be  fastened  together  with  strong  bars  across 


THE  HEAD-STOCK.  125 

the  ends,  on  the  inside  of  the  pattern,  and  held  with 


-7- 


T 


0 


21"  - 


4''  No.  20  screws  put  in  from  the  outside.    Then,  when 


126     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


the  pattern  has  been  moulded  and  drawn  from  the  sand, 
it  can  be  taken  apart,  and  the  rib  A  taken  off  and 
used  for  finishing  or  mending  the  mould,  in  case  it 
should  be  damaged  or  broken  while  drawing  the  pat- 
tern. All  the  bosses  a  and  extensions  h  for  giving  addi- 
tional length  to  the  bearings  should  be  loose,  and  held 
in  position  with  slack  dowel-pins  that  may  be  easily 
taken  out  with  the  hands. 

By  referring  to  Fig.  132,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
bearings  are  made  with  dry-sand  cores,  so  that  it  will 
be  necessary  to  make  two  core-boxes  of  different  size. 


Fig.  131. 


A  sectional  end  yiew  of  one  of  these  boxes  is  given 
at  Fig.  131,  and  the  reader  will  comprehend  at  a  glance 
how  it  is  constructed.  The  inside  of  the  casting  must, 
of  course,  be  cored  out;  and,  as  shown  at  Figs.  132  and 
133,  the  core  is  in  twelve  sections,  two  for  each  end,  and 
eight  for  the  base  of  the  casting.  The  core-boxes  ought 
to  be  so  constructed  that  only  three  will  be  required 
to  make  all  the  cores,  one  for  each  end,  and  one  for  the 
base.  The  boxes  for  the  end  sections  should  be  origi- 
nally made  to  suit  the  section  marked  JL,  Fig.  132. 
The  part  marked  B  must  be  loose,  and  should  be  held  in 
position  with  screws  or  dowels.  Then,  when  the  core 
has  been  made,  B  must  be  taken  out,  and  another  piece 


THE  HEAD-STOCK. 


127 


set  in  the  box  at  the  correct  angle,  to  stop  off  the  core 
for  the  other  section  as  required.  The  base  core-box 
is  first  made  to  suit  the  four  middle  sections,  and  loose 
pieces  put  in  to  stop  off  for  the  end  sections. 

MOULDING. 

The  method  of  moulding  this  head-stock  is  shown  at 


'/.''.'ct:' 


".••vq:." 


Fig.  132. 


Figs.  132  and  133.  Fig.  132  is  a  sectional  view,  and 
Fig.  133  represents  a  side  view  of  the  mould. 

Both  the  figures  show  the  cores  set  in  position,  and 
the  mould  closed  and  ready  to  receive  the  metal. 

Having  made  the  proper  excavation  in  the  floor,  the 
bottom  must  be  covered  with  a  layer  of  cinders  about 
four  or  five  inches  thick,  and  then  five  or  six  inches  of 
sand,  and  upon  this  make  the  bed  for  the  ends  of  the 
pattern. 


128     MODEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

The  pattern  may  now  be  set  in  place,  and  the  centre 
and  sides  filled  in  with  sand  and  cinders,  and  moulded 


as  shown  in  Fig.  133.    The  centre  of  the  mould  should 


THE  HEAD-STOCK. 


129 


be  well  vented  downwards  to  the  cinders,  which  will 
allow  all  the  gas  to  escape  through  the  3i^'  pipe  shown 
in  Fig.  132. 

The  sides  of  the  mould  should  be  rammed  up  square 
with  the  ends  and  level  with  the  top  of  the  pattern, 
leaving  an  opening  of  from  two  to  three  feet  at  each 
end.  Cast-iron  draw-back  plates  may  then  be  set  in 
the  positions  shown  at  and  rammed  up,  making  the 
two  feed-gates,  as  shown  in  both  the  figures.  After  the 
cope  flask  has  been  placed  in  position  and  rammed  up, 
as  shown,  it  may  be  lifted  off,  and  the  ends  of  the  mould 
drawn  back  and  lifted  out,  .finished,  and  set  to  dry. 
Having  taken  off  the  cope  and  ends  of  the  mould,  as 
stated,  the  body  of  the  pattern  can  be  drawn  from  the 
sand,  and  any  loose  bosses  or  facing  pieces  remaining  in 
the  mould  can  be  drawn  in  towards  the  centre. 

The  mould  may  be  dried  in  a  very  similar  manner 
to  the  one  shown  at  Fig.  148,  Chapter  XXI. 

When  the  mould  has  been  dried  and  finished,  the 
cores  may  be  set  in  place.  The  cores  for  the  ends  and 
base  of  the  casting  are  set  on  chaplets,  as  shown  at 
Fig.  132. 

The  mould  may  now  be  closed,  weighted,  and  made 
ready  to  cast. 


130      MODEEN  MOULDIKG  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 


CHAPTEE  XX. 

MINIKG-MACHINERY.  —  CASTING  HEAVY  MORTAES 
FOE  STAMP-MILLS. 

At  Fig.  134  we  have  a  front  elevation  and  end  sec- 
tion of  a  wet-crushing  silver-mortar.  The  right-hand 
half  of  the  elevation  shows  the  front  of  the  casting,  and 
the  left-hand  half  is  a  front  view  of  the  pattern. 

The  pattern  should  be  made  in  one  piece,  or,  in  other 
words,  it  should  have  no  partings  or  loose  pieces.  The 
front,  back,  and  ends  must  be  made  of  good  dry  2'' 
lumber,  well  glued,  arid  also  held  with  3^^  and  4''  No. 
12  screws.  The  inside  of  the  pattern  should  be  well 
bridged  and  braced  with  strong  common  lumber. 

The  print  J.,  for  carrying  the  end  of  the  green-sand 
or  body  core,  should  be  at  least  4/^  long ;  and  as  the 
branch  (where  the  ore  is  fed  in)  on  the  back  of  the  mor- 
tar requires  a  dry-sand  core,  it  is  well  to  carry  the  print 
over,  as  shown  by  the  dotted  lines. 

Now,  by  referring  to  Fig.  137,  it  will  be  seen  that  the 
span  Fig.  134,  between  the  projection  on  the  front 
of  the  mortar  and  the  bottom  flange,  is  made  with  a 
dry-sand  core,  so  that  the  front  of  the  projection  must 
be  carried  down  to  the  bottom  of  the  pattern  to  form 
the  print,  as  shown  by  dotted  lines,  Fig.  134. 

Now,  as  an  end  section  of  both  these  cores  can  be 
seen  in  the  mould,  at  Fig.  137,  it  is  not  necessary  to 


132     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


give  any  other  illustration,  further  than  to  say  that  the 
branch  core-box  is,  of  course,  open  on  the  top,  and  a 
strickle-board  used  to  scrape  the  core-sand  off  level 
with  the  ends  and  side  of  the  box ;  and  the  core  B  is 


i 

i 

Fig.  135. 


made  in  a  plain  square  box,  vrith  a  piece  the  shape  of 
the  lip  on  the  projection,  and  the  flange  on  the  bottom 
of  the  mortar  set  in  the  proper  corners. 

When  the  projection  on  the  front  of  the  mortar  is 
very  long,  it  is  better  to  make  a  flat  dry-sand  core  the 


3lx  5' 

Rg.  136. 


full  length  of  the  opening  between  the  wings  on  the 
front  of  the  casting.  A  section  of  this  core-box  is  shown 
at  Fig.  135.  As  will  be  seen  by  the  drawing,  it  is  open 
on  the  top,  and  the  pieces  for  forming  the  recesses  for 
the  wedges  set  in  each  end,  as  shown  at  D. 


MmmG-MACHmERY.  \^^JL33 

Some  moulders  would  prefer  to  have  these  pieces  " 
made  loose,  and  set  in  the  top  of  the  box,  as  it  would 
save  the  trouble  of  turning  the  core  over  before  setting 
it  in  the  mould. 

When  this  core  is  set  in  position,  the  green-sand  core 
rests  upon  it.  In  many  cases,  however,  this  core  is  not 
required,  as  the  green-sand  core  runs  clean  through,  and 
two  small  dry-sand  cores  are  put  in  at  the  sides  to  form 
the  recesses  for  the  wedges,  and  projecting  over  far 
enough  to  balance. 

A  section  of  the  body  core-box  is  shown  at  Fig.  136. 
This  box  should  have  a  good  solid  foundation.  As 
represented  in  the  drawing,  it  is  made  as  follows :  — 

First,  get  out  four  pieces  of  scantling  3^^  X  5'^,  and 
plane  them  square  and  true  on  one  edge.  When  this 
has  been  done,  get  four  or  five  pieces  of  2^^  plank,  and 
screw  them  fast  to  the  3'"  X  5'^  scantlings ;  on  this 
foundation  build  the  bottom  of  the  box,  as  shown  in 
the  figure.  The  sides  and  ends  must  be  made  loose, 
and  held  in  place  by  four  f  bolts. 

When  the  core  has  been  made,  these  bolts  can  be 
drawn  out,  and  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  box  taken 
away  separately.  This  leaves  the  core  standing  on  the 
bottom  of  the  box,  from  which  it  can  be  lifted  without 
danger  of  breaking. 

The  loose  piece  shown  at  E  runs  across  the  top  of 
the  box,  and  is  used  in  order  to  keep  the  point  F  from 
breaking  off.  The  piece  shown  at  Cr  is  also  loose,  and 
is  the  full  length  of  the  box ;  it  is  put  on  for  the  pur- 
pose of  holding  the  piece  which  forms  the  small  flange 
on  the  inside  of  the  casting. 

A  plan  of  the  cast-iron  frame  used  for  the  purpose 
of  supporting  the  green-sand  body-core  is  shown  at 


134     MODEK^T  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


MINING-MACHINERY. 


135 


Fig.  189.  This  frame  should  have  two  eye-bolts 
(fastened  securely  in  the  position  shown  by  dotted 
lines,  Fig.  137)  to  lift  it  by. 

When  this  frame  has  been  placed  in  the  core-box  and 
rammed  up  level,  the  core  should  be  well  vented  down- 


H 

H 

PLAN  OF  MOULD 


O  BLOWER  I'DIAM. 
^TO  LET  OFF  GAS. 


jQfeeder 


c 


kC 


riser 


«— 9- 


RISER 


feeder 


Fig.  138. 

wards,  and  then  a  layer  of  cinders,  1^^^  thick,  laid  on, 
and  continued  through  the  print,  and  up  between  the 
end  of  the  print  and  the  side  of  the  flask,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  137.  This  will  carry  away  all  the  gas ;  and  the  cin- 
ders and  green-sand  will  allow  the  mortar  to  contract 
when  cooling,  and  thus  avoid  the  danger  of  breaking 
the  casting. 


136     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


The  method  of  casting  the  mortar  is  shown  at 
Figs.  137  and  138,  and  requires  very  little  explanation. 
As  will  be  seen  by  the  drawing,  it  is  moulded  in  an 
iron  flask.  Two  blowers  in  diameter,  to  let  off  the 
gas,  are  shown  at  HII^  Fig.  138.    The  main  feeders  J  J 


PLAN  OF  CORE  IRON 
Fig.  139. 

should  be  2i''  in  diameter,  and  from  each  of  these  make 
two  branch  feeders  X  1''.  The  risers  KKave  3''  in 
diameter  at  the  top,  and  taper  down  to  2''  at  the  bot- 
tom.  These  may  be  fed  with  hand  ladles,  and  pumped 
in  with  a  rod  till  the  metal  sets. 


LABGE  HOLLOW  CASTINGS. 


137 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

MOULDING  LARGE  HOLLOW  CASTINGS  IN  DRY-SAND. 

Fig.  140  is  a  general  drawing  of  a  hopper  for 
Walker's  Patent  Sulphurizing  Furnace;  and  it  will 


 M 


\:-y  V:ry 


1^ 


Fig.  140. 


serve  as  a  good  illustration  for  this  subject,  viz.,.  moulds 
ing  in  dry-sand. 


138     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


A  side  and  end  elevation  of  the  pattern  is  shown  at 
Fig.  141.  The  body  of  the  pattern  has  four  strong 
draw-irons  as  shown  at  B ;  and  the  feet  A  and  all  the 


Fig.  142. 

Fig.  142  and  143  are  the  different  side  and  end  sec- 


LARGE  HOLLOW  CASTINGS. 


139 


tions  and  elevations  of  the  centre,  or  body  core-box. 
It  is  seen  by  the  drawing,  that  the  ends  are  made 


Fig.  143. 

loose,  and  held  in  place  by  the  screws  C  and  the  four 
^'  bolts  shown  at  D. 


Fig.  144 


When  the  core  is  made,  and  ready  to  lift  from  the 


140      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


box,  the  four  bolts  can  be  taken  out,  and  the  sides  re- 
moved. When  this  has  been  done  the  screws  C  may  be 
taken  out,  and  the  ends  lifted  away.  This  leaves  the 
core  standing  in  the  bottom  section  of  the  box  shown 
at  Fig.  142,  from  which  the  core  can  be  lifted  without 
the  slightest  danger  of  breaking. 

The  jacket-core  for  the  sides  of  the  casting  are  to  be 
made  in  three  sections.    The  plan,  side  and  end  eleva- 


Fig.  145. 


tions  of  the  box  are  shown  at  Fig.  144.  By  referring 
to  the  drawing,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  box  is  made 
open  at  the  top  and  bottom,  and  parted  at  both  sides  at 
J?,  and  also  at  the  end  F ^  all  the  different  sections  being 
held  in  place  by  screws.  The  square  end  of  the  box 
should  have  four  vent-holes  bored,  as  shown  at  (r. 
When  making  the  core,  the  box  should  be  set  upon  the 
dry -plate  upon  which  the  core  is  intended  to  be  baked. 
Then,  when  the  core  is  made  and  ready  to  draw,  the 
screws  which  hold  the  box  together  at  E  and  F  can 


LABGE  HOLLOW  CASTINGS. 


141 


be  taken  out,  and  the  different  sections  of  the  box 
removed  without  disturbing  the  core,  when  the  dry- 
plate  and  core  can  be  lifted  and  placed  in  the  oven  to 
dry. 

Fig.  145  is  the  plan,  side  and  end  elevations  of  the 
jacket  core-box  for  the  ends  of  the  casting.  It  is  a 
plain  box  open  on  the  top ;  and  the  hubs  for  forming 
the  wall  around  the  opening  e     Fig.  140,  are  loose ; 


Fig.  146. 


the  square  end  is  also  loose  at  and  has  two  ^' 
vent-holes  bored  between  the  bridges  K.  When  the 
core  is  ready  to  take  out  of  the  box,  it  should  be  cov- 
ered with  a  dry-plate,  and  turned  over.  After  this  has 
been  done,  take  the  screws  out  at  and  draw  the 
square  end  and  bridges  K ;  then  lift  off  the  body  of 
the  box,  and  draw  the  hubs  a  e  ;  finish  the  core,  and  it 
is  ready  for  the  oven* 


142     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


LARGE  HOLLOT\^  CASTINGS. 


143 


MOULDING. 

Fig.  146  is  an  end  view  of  the  mould,  sllo^yIng  the 
pattern,  gas  vent-pipe,  and  steam-vents.  Wlien  the 
proper  excavation  lias  been  made  in  the  floor,  the  bot- 
tom must  be  covered  with  a  layer  of  cinders,  about  6^^ 
thick,  and  then  5''  or  &^  of  sand,  and  upon  this  make 
the  bed  for  the  bottom  of  the  pattern.  This  part  of  the 
mould  should  be  well  vented  downwards  to  the  cinders, 
which  will  take  away  all  the  gas  from  the  bottom  of  the 
mould  by  way  of  the  4^^  pipe  shown  in  the  figure. 


Fig.  149. 


When  the  pattern  has  been  set  in  position,  and  is 
ready  to  mould,  set  three  2i''  vent  pins  at  each  side  as 
shown.  Fill  in  and  ram  up  the  sides  square  with  the 
ends  and  level  with  the  top  of  the  pattern,  leaving  an 
opening  of  about  two  feet  at  each  end.  Cast-iron  draw- 
back plates  may  then  be  set  in  the  position  shown  by 
dotted  lines  ilf,  Fig.  147,  and  rammed  up  as  shown  at 


144     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


iV,  making  the  two  li''  feed-gates  shown  at  P.  The 
cope  flask  R  11^  Figs.  146  and  147,  may  then  be  put  on 
and  rammed  up,  using  f  gas-pipe  for  venting  the  body 
and  jacket-cores.  When  the  cope  has  been  rammed  up, 
it  may  be  lifted  off,  and  the  ends  of  the  mould  drawn 
back  to  the  position  shown  at  MP;  and,  as  one  end 
has  to  be  dried  in  the  core  oven,  it  may  be  lifted  right 


Fig.  150. 


out  of  the  mould,  finished,  and  put  in  the  oven  at  once. 
Having  taken  off  the  cope  and  ends  of  the  mould  as 
stated,  the  body  of  the  pattern  can  be  drawn  from  the 
sand,  and  the  feet  and  facing  pieces  which  will  remain 
in  the  mould  can  then  be  drawn  in  towards  the  centre. 

The  ]nethod  of  drying  the  mould  is  shown  at  Fig.  148. 

Having  set  the  end  M  P  and  the  cope  back  in 
place,  build  the  temporary  fire-box      and  kindle  the 


LARGE  HOLLOW  CASTINGS. 


145 


fire ;  the  heat  will  dry  the  mould  as  it  passes  back  from 
the  fire  to  the  smoke-flue  shown  in  the  figure. 

When  the  mould  has  been  dried  and  finishe*d,  the 
cores  set,  and  the  mould  closed,  as  shown  at  Figs.  149 
and  150,  it  is  ready  to  cast. 


146     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

THE  screw-propeller:  HOW  TO  MAKE  IT. 

In  order  to  lay  out  a  screw-propeller,  we  must  first 
ascertain  the  following  dimensions :  the  kind  of  screw 
required,  the  extreme  diameter,  the  number  of  blades, 
the  thickness  of  the  same,  the  width  of  the  blade 
measured  along  a  tangent  at  the  extreme  diameter,  and 
the  size  and  form  of  the  hub. 

In  this  article  I  will  illustrate  a  good  method  of 
drawing,  pattern-making,  and  moulding  a  true  screw ; 
in  other  words,  a  screw  in  which  every  equal  portion 
of  a  revolution  of  the  generatrix  corresponds  to  an 
equal  advance  along  the  axis.  This  method  (with 
slight  variations)  may  be  adopted  for  the  construction 
of  the  different  kinds  of  screw-propellers  in  general 
use. 

DRAWING. 

A  method  of  laying  out  a  screw-propeller  is  shown 
at  Figs.  151,  152,  and  153.  Fig.  151  is  an  end  view, 
and  Fig.  152  is  a  side  view;  Fig.  153  shows  the  mode 
of  determining  the  development  of  the  thread  or  angle 
of  the  blade.  The  angle  of  the  blade  is  as  the  pitch  of 
the  screw  to  the  circumference  of  the  same. 

Example:  Circumference  of  screw,  64^  Pitch  of 
same  screw,  24^    Angle  of  blade,  24'  to  54';  which 


THE  SCEEW-PEOPELLEK. 


147 


being  reduced  to  a  lower  term  is  equal  to  an  angle  of 
12"  to  27",  as  shown  at  Fig.  153, 


148      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


To  determine  the  pitch  of  the  screw  developed  on  a 
tangent  plane,  draw  a  vertical  line  through  the  points 
A  Fig.  153,  and  set  off  on  it  (to  a  convenient  scale) 
the  length  of  the  circumference  of  a  circle, 
the  radius  of  which  is  equal  to  half  the 
diameter  of  the  screw-propeller  required. 
At  this  point  draw  the  line  B  (7,  equal  to 
the  pitch  of  the  screw.  If  we  now  draw 
a  line  through  the  points  J.  C\  it  will  rep- 
12'  resent  the  development  of  the  thread,  or 
Fig.  153.  angle  of  the  blade  on  a  tangent  plane. 
We  now  take  (7,  Fig.  151,  as  a  centre,  and  describe 
the  circle  representing  the  end  view  of  the  propeller 
required.  On  this  circle  lay  off  the  points  D  which 
we  will  assume  represent  an  end  view  of  the  blade 
before  the  corners  have  been  rounded  off.  Between 
the  points  D  E  lay  off  the  aliquot  parts  0,  2,  4,  5,  6,  7, 
9,  and  if  necessary  1,  3,  8,  and  draw  radii  from  these 
points. 

Now  take  6  for  a  centre  in  the  side  view.  Fig.  152, 
and  lay  off  on  each  side  of  it  the  aliquot  parts  7,  8, 
9,  5,  4,  3,  2,  1,  0,  points  to  the  pitch  corresponding 
to  the  same  parts  of  the  circle  in  Fig.  151.  If  from  the 
points  of  the  circle  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  in  the  end 
view,  we  draw  the  dotted  lines  joining  the  correspond- 
ing points  in  Fig.  152,  the  points  so  joined  will  of  course 
represent  the  generating  points,  or  outline  of  the  blade 
in  the  side  view. 

Now,  if  the  lines  drawn  from  the  points  0,  1,  2,  9, 
etc.,  in  the  end  view,  and  joining  the  corresponding 
numbers  in  Fig.  152,  give  the  various  points  for  the  out- 
line of  the  blade  in  the  side  view,  it  of  course  follows 
that  by  nearly  the  same  method  of  procedure  we  can 


THE  SCREW-PEOPELLER. 


149 


develop  a  sectional  or  end  view  of  any  given  point  of 
the  blade,  as  jET,  J",  or  K. 

PATTERN-MAKING. 

When  a  screw  propeller  is  to  be  cast  in  loam,  as  in 
the  present  case,  it  is  sometimes  well  to  make  a  com- 
plete pattern  of  the  hub :  but  for  large  sizes  it  is  gen- 
erally built  up  in  loam ;  and,  when  such  is  the  case,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  make  a  sweep-board,  or  templet,  to 
guide  the  moulder  in  his  operations.  Such  a  templet  is 
too  simple  to  require  any  description  or  illustration. 
When  a  complete  pattern  of  the  hub  is  made,  it  must 
have  a  hole  through  the  centre  just  large  enough  to  be 
an  easy  fit  on  the  spindle  which  the  moulder  uses  when 
working  on  the  job  in  the  foundry. 

The  principal  work  of  the  pattern-maker,  however, 
consists  in  making  the  sweep-boards  and  curved  guide- 
boards,  which  are  necessary  to  the  moulders  in  pro- 
ducing the  correct  form  of  the  blade. 

Since  the  acting  surface  of  the  blade  is  made  up  of 
straight-line  elements,  or,  as  stated  in  the  commence- 
ment of  this  article,  every  equal  portion  of  a  revolu- 
tion of  the  generatrix  corresponds  to  an  equal  advance 
along  the  axis,  it  is  evident  that  the  same  surface  can 
be  produced  in  loam  by  moving  a  straight-edged  sweep- 
board  along  a  guide-board  having  an  acting  surface 
which  corresponds  to  the  extreme  helix  of  the  blade. 
Such  a  straight-edged  sweep-board  is  shown  at  i.  Fig. 
157,  and  needs  no  further  explanation.  Fig.  155  repre- 
sents the  curved  sweep-board  for  forming  the  back  of 
the  blade. 

The  curved  guide-board  for  the  outer  helix  of  the 
blade  is  shown  at  Fig.  156.    The  method  of  projecting 


160     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


the  curved  or  working  surface  of  this  board  is  shown 
at  Fig.  154,  and  is  as  follows :  — 

Draw  the  horizontal  line  M  N.  Let  M  represent  the 
centre  of  the  hub,  or  the  element  Fig.  151 ;  and  with 
a  radius  equal  to  half  the  extreme  diameter  of  the  pro- 
peller, describe  the  arc  OP.  This  will  represent  the 
element  BE,  Fig.  151,  or,  in  other  words,  the  actual 
limit  of  the  blade.  As  the  moulder  will  have  to  build 
a  good  margin  of  brickwork  outside  of  the  blade,  we 
must  take  a  radius  of  about  8'^  or  10'^  additional  length, 


and  draw  the  arc  1  7.  This  will  represent  the  inside 
corner  of  the  acting  surface  of  the  guide-curve.  We 
can  now  add  the  desired  thickness  of  the  guide-curve  to 
the  radius,  and  strike  the  arc  representing  the  outside 
corner  of  the  same.  Set  off,  on  the  arc  representing 
the  inside  corner  of  the  curve,  a  number  of  aliquot 
parts,  as  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7.    Let       3,  1,  7,  represent 


THE  SCREW-PROPELLER. 


151 


the  elements  6,  0,  9,  Fig.  151.  Now  draw  the  verti- 
cal line  RS;  and  at  S  draw  the  horizontal  line  S 
equal  to  the  pitch  (or  the  corresponding  part  of  it)^ 
and  from  Tdraw  the  line  cutting  through  the  point  U : 
this  represents  the  developed  helix.  If  we  now  draw 
the  line  1  7  parallel  to  T  t/,  and  the  horizontal  lines  7  8 
and  1  9,  join  8  and  9,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  we  pro- 
duce a  complete  side  view  of  the  guide-curve. 

The  point  to  which  we  now  direct  our  attention  is  to 
project  the  end  view.  For  this  purpose  we  draw  the 
vertical  line  X,  equal  to  1  9,  and 
from  the  base  line  J.,  at  a  distance 
equal  to  7  8,  make  the  point  7,  and 
on  the  remainder  set  off  a  number 
of  aliquot  parts  corresponding  in 
number  to  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7.  From 
the  points  draw  the  horizontal  '"'S*  ^\^-^^^' 
dotted  lines,  and  from  the  corresponding  points  of  the 
arc  1  7  drop  perpendiculars.  Through  the  various 
points  of  intersection,  draw  the  curved  lines  represent- 
ing the  top  edge  of  the  guide-curve. 

If  we  now  draw  the  horizontal  line  and  the  ver- 
tical lines  C  i),  Ave  have  a  complete  drawing  of  the 
guide-curve  required. 

It  only  remains  for  us  to  build  up — :  either  with 
staves  or  segments  —  a  block  of  wood  large  enough  for 
the  purpose.  Work  it  out  to  the  proper  shape,  and  we 
are  ready  for 

MOULDING. 

The  method  of  moulding  is  shown  at  Figs.  157,  158, 
and  159,  and  is  as  follows :  — 
^In  starting,  the  moulder  first  sets  the  step  and  spin- 


152      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


die  NT^  Fig.  157,  and  then  adjusts  the  spindle-arm  0, 
to  which  he  then  bolts  a  straight  strickle-board,  and, 
with  this,  sweeps  off  a  good  level  bed  for  the  mould. 
He  then  removes  the  straight  strickle-board  from  the 


Fig.  157. 


arm  0,  and  in  its  place  adjusts  the  one  marked  i,  and 
shown  in  the  figure. 

The  curved  sweep-board  for  the  back  of  the  blade, 


THE  SCREW-PHOPELLER. 


153 


shown  at  Fig.  155,  is  then  screwed  to  i,  letting  it  pro- 
ject below  the  bottom  edge  just  the  thickness  of  the 
required  metal  in  the  blade. 

We  will  now  take  the  curved  guide-board,  shown  at 
Fig.  156,  and  set  it  in  the  position  indicated  by  the 
dotted  lines,  and  proceed  to  mould  up  the  back  of  the 


Fig.  158. 

blade  by  building  up  the  form  of  brick.  This  should 
be  well  bound  together  with  iron  rods,  bolts,  cement, 
and  sand,  as  shown  at  J",  Fig.  157. 

W e  can  now  spread  the  loam  over  this  rough  form  of 
brick,  and  work  it  to  the  required  shape  by  rotating  the 
curved  sweep-board  (which  has  been  adjusted  for  this 
purpose)  around  the  spindle  T,  Then  take  off  the 
curved  sweep-board,  and  swing  the  arm  0  and  sweep- 
board  L  around  out  of  the  way.  Round  off  the  cor- 
ners, as  shown  at  and,  in  fact,  finish  the  mould  by 
hand,  and  then  let  it  dry. 


154     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


After  drying,  the  form  of  the  blade  is  filled  up  with 
sand,  and  then  swept  off  true  with  the  straight  sweep- 
board  X,  thus  producing  the  acting  surface  of  the  blade. 

Then  we  are  ready  to  remove  the  curved  guide-board, 
make  parting,  and  then  cover  the  whole  surface  with 
loam,  and  upon  this  loam  build  the  cope,  as  shown  at 

Fig.  158.  While  building  the  cope,  great  care  should 
be  taken  to  have  it  well  vented,  and  a  riser  or  flow-off 
set,  as  shown  at  i2,  Fig.  159. 


Fig.  159. 


Remove  the  sand  from  the  form  of  the  blade  after 
the  cope  has  been  lifted  off. 

The  blades  are  thus  moulded  separately;  and  when 
each  section  has  been  thoroughly  dried  and  finished,  we 
are  ready  to  close  the  mould,  set  the  hub-core  jEJ,  Fig, 
158,  make  the  joints  tight  and  secure,  and  be  tolerably 
sure  of  turning  out  a  good  casting. 


EXGLISH  AND  AMEEICAN  CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  155 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

ENGLISH  AND   AMERICAN   CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  —  STEW- 
ART'S PATENT  RAPID  CUPOLA. 

It  seems  strange  that  so  little  has  been  done  of  late 
years  to  improve  upon  the  somewhat  crude  and  ineffec- 
tive arrangements  which  have  so  long  constituted  the 
"  best  practice  "  in  the  engineering  of  iron  foundries. 

Engineers  seem  too  frequently  to  have  allowed  the 
iron  foundry  pretty  much  to  look  after  itself.  Given  a 
good  pattern-shop,  a  well-equipped  machine-shop,  and 
an  appropriately  arranged  erecting-shop,  it  was  seem- 
ingly considered  sufficient  if  the  foundry  was  provided 
with  a  moderately  good  cupola  of  the  old  school,  and 
ample  crane  arrangements. 

A  new  departure  in  cupola-practice,  and  in  the  engi- 
neering of  foundries,  which  has  recently  taken  place  on 
both  sides  of  the  Atlantic,  is,  therefore,  a  matter  of 
some  interest  and  congratulation. 

Before  presenting  to  the  reader  these  two  represent- 
ative —  English  and  American  —  cupolas,  I  wish  to 
express  my  most  cordial  thanks  to  the  eminent  engi- 
neers, Messrs.  Alexander  Stewart  and  Victor  CoUiau, 
who  have  kindly  furnished  me  with  drawings  and  par- 
ticulars of  their  inventions,  together  with  other  valu- 
able information. 

Neither  of  these  gentlemen  claims  that  the  entire 


156      MODERlsr  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


Fig.  160. 


EJTGLISH  AND  AMERICAN  CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  157 


features  set  forth  in  their  inventions  are  new;  but 
with  a  knowledge  of  the  various  forms  of  melting  used 
in  England,  the  United  States,  and  other  countries, 
combined  with  their  own  experience  gained  from  con- 
structing cupolas,  they  have,  after  many  experiments, 
placed  before  iron-founders  cu- 
polas possessing  the  double  merit 
of  rapid  melting  in  connection 
with  a  comparatively  low  con- 
sumption of  fuel. 

From  a  glance  at  the  accom- 
panying illustrations,  both  meth- 
ods will  be  readily  understood. 

The  main  feature  of  Stewart's 
patent  rapid  cupola  lies  in  hav- 
ing its  internal  diameter  reduced  at  the  melting  part. 

There  are  also  several  tuyeres  arranged  in  three  zones, 
termed  the  lower,  middle,  and  upper  zones,  and  respec- 
tively indicated  in  Fig.  163  by  the  letters  A  B  O.  In 
the  top  row,  (7,  each  tuyere  is  provided  with  a  shut-off 
valve.  These  three  valves  have  their  plugs  connected 
with  a  malleable-iron  pitch  chain,  and  are  opened  or  shut 
simultaneously,  each  to  an  equal  extent,  with  the  one 
handle. 

All  of  the  three  rows  of  tuyeres  are  placed  in  com- 
munication with  one  another  by  means  of  an  annular 
casing  or  air-belt.  On  each  side  of  this  air-belt  is  secured 
a  cast-iron  quarter-bend  blast  pipe  J.,  Fig.  162,  and  to 
each  bend  is  connected  a  turned  shut-off  valve  B,  Upon 
the  air-belt  is  fixed  a  blast-pressure  gauge  2),  to  indicate 
the  pressure  of  air  in  the  cupola.  The  pipe  JE^  Fig.  160, 
conveys  the  hot  blast  from  the  receiver  back  to  the 
cupola  furnace.  All  the  tuyeres  are  fastened  to  the  shell 


MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


Fig.  162. 


ENGLISH  AKD  AMERICAN  CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  159 


with  bolts  and  an  asbestos  ring ;  and  opposite  each  tuyere 
is  provided  a  circular  cover,  which  moves  off  and  on, 
and  when  on  is  perfectly  air-tight.  These  circular  covers 
are  provided  with  mica  disks ;  and  the  respective  areas 
of  the  three  rows  of  tuyeres  have  been  proportioned  by 
experiment  to  give  the  most  effective  distribution  of 
blast  and  of  economical  results.  The  cupola  is  arched 
over  at  the  top,  as  shown  in  the  illustration,  but  has  an 


Fig.  163. 

Stewart's  Patent  Rapid  Cupola:  View  of  Lower  Portion  of  Cmpola^ 
enlarged  to  form  Receiver. 


opening  (shown  in  Fig.  162),  fitted  with  a  flap-door  for 
the  escape  of  the  gases  involved  from  the  combustion, 
of  the  coke.  This  arrangement  is  a  most  important 
one ;  as  it  entirely  obviates  the  danger  and  nuisance  of 
sparks  and  cinders  blowing  out  upon  the  neighboring 
property,  which,  when  containing  inflammable  material, , 


160     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


is  often  placed  in  no  little  jeopardy  where  the  old  system 
is  in  vogue.  The  flap-door  can  be  set  at  any  angle ;  and 
consequently  the  sparks,  etc.,  which  are  usually  ejected 
in  considerable  quantities  during  blowing-off  operations, 
may  be  deflected  in  any  direction,  or  to  the  ground  at 
the  base  of  the  cupola.  The  cupola  is  erected  upon  a 
cast-iron  plate,  which  rests  on  four  pillars.  It  is  also 
provided  with  a  drop  bottom.  The  fixed  receiver  stands 
immediately  in  front  of  the  cupola.  It  is  constructed 
with  a  spout,  and  is  of  large  enough  proportions  to 
contain  the  maximum  quantity  of  melted  iron  that  may 
be  required  from  the  cupola. 

When  the  fixed  receiver  is  used,  the  molten  metal 
may  be  run  direct  from  it  into  the  ladles,  which  may 
then  be  transported,  by  means  of  crane  attachments,  to 
the  moulds.  When  the  fixed  receiver  is  employed,  there- 
fore, no  alteration  in  the  pre-existing  state  of  affairs  in 
the  moulding-shop  need  be  made. 

But  there  is  still  another  form  of  receiver  which 
really  forms  part  of  the  cupola  itself,  and  consists  essen- 
tially of  an  enlargement  of  the  base,  as  illustrated  in 
Fig.  163.  In  this  case,  which  more  nearly  resembles 
the  ordinary  cupola,  the  arrangement  of  tuyeres,  air- 
belt,  valves,  and  other  accessories,  is  the  same  as  when 
an  external  fixed  receiver  is  employed.  The  ejector 
valve,  however,  is  not  required,  and  the  base  of  the 
cupola  is  fixed  to  a  cast-iron  base  plate.  Our  engraving, 
Fig.  163,  shows  the  cupola  with  the  upper  portion  left 
off  from  the  first  joint  above  the  air-belt. 

The  cupola  illustrated  is  one  of  the  four-tons  melting 
capacity  per  hour ;  but  Stewart's  cupolas  can  be  made 
of  any  capacity  from  one  to  twenty  tons  per  hour.  The 
one  illustrated  requires  a  bed  of  about  four  hundred- 


ENGLISH  AND  AMEBICAK  CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  161 

weight  of  coke,  whereas  ordinary  furnaces  take  usually 
about  thirteen  hundred-weight.  There  is  here,  then, 
an  initial  saving  of  nine  hundred-weight  of  coke.  The 
approximate  dimensions  of  a  four-ton  cupola,  on  Stew- 
art's system,  are  as  follows:  External  diameter  of  shell, 
4';  total  height  from  ground  line,  24/;  height  from 
ground  line  to  under  side  of  air-belt,  6^ ;  depth  of  air- 
belt,  2'  ;  diameter  of  air-belt,  5'  6'^ ;  melting  part  of 
cupola,  3'  deep  by  V  10'^  diameter,  widening  to  an 
internal  diameter  of  3'  in  upper  portion  of  cupola; 
thickness  of  lining  at  melting  part,  V  ;  upper  por- 
tion, 4i'' ;  internal  diameter  of  receiver,  3^  by  3'  deep ; 
and  height  of  tapping  hole  from  ground  line,  2' 

A  number  of  important  advantages  are  claimed  for' 
this  new  cupola,  and  iron-founders  will  readily  recogr- 
nize  their  practical  utility. 

First  of  all,  in  keeping  with  its  name,  the  melting  takes^ 
place  rapidly  and  with  great  uniformity.  Thus  more 
rapid  melting  can  be  effected,  and  that,  as  we  have  al- 
ready pointed  out,  with  a  great  reduction  in^  the  amount 
of  fuel  consumed.  Further,  there  is  ark  absence  of 
flame  at  the  top  of  the  cupola,  which-  remains  compara^ 
tively  cool  throughout,  —  a  state  of  affairs  obviously 
calculated  to  conduce  to  durability.  No  combustible 
gases  are  discharged,  carbonic-acid  gas  alone  escaping ; 
and  the  additional  fuel  thus  obtained  enables  the  smaller 
quantity  of  coke  to  suffice. 

At  a  test  made  at  Messrs.  Rushforth  &  Co.'s,  St. 
James's  Foundry,  Bradford,  England,  the  results  were 
highly  satisfactory ;  the  rapidity  with  which  the  metal 
was  run  down  being  astonishing.  The  consumption  of 
coke  also,  one  hundred-weight  to  fourteen  hundred- 
weight of  iron,  was  much  lower  than  is  requisite  with 


162     MODEBN  MOULDIlSrG  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


the  ordinary  cupola ;  it  being  generally  the  practice  to 
allow  one-seventh  the  weight  of  the  iron  for  fuel.  This 
has,  however,  been  improved  by  a  subsequent  test,  a 
proportion  of  one  hundred-weight  of  coke  to  eighteen 
hundred-weight  of  iron  having  been  found  sufficient. 

The  following  is  a  result  of  a  test  made  March  8, 
1884:  — 


CUPOLA  4^  DIAMETER;  LENGTH  OF  SHELL,  19^ 


Time  of  lighting  fire 

Put  in  coke  for  bed 
of  cupola   .    .  . 

Making  up  of  door  . 

Commenced  char- 
ging   

Filled  up  cupola  . 

Commenced  blast- 


ing   

Metal  running  down 
Took    away  first 
metal  in  35  min- 
utes after  blast- 
ing   

Second  metal  taken 
Third  metal  taken  . 
Fourth  metal  taken 
Finished  charging  . 
Finished  blasting  . 


10.00  A.M 


10.30 
11.00 


11.05 
12.30  ] 


1.05 
1.15 


1.40 
2.15 
2.30 
2.35 
2.15 
2.35 


Charge  of 
Coke  in 
pounds. 


Charge 
of  Iron  in 
pounds. 


Bed,  336 

"  112 

"  112 

♦«  112 

"  112 

"  112 

"  112 

««  112 

"  112 


1,232 


1,792 
2,016 
2,016 
2,016 
2,016 
2,016 
2,016 
2,016 
2,016 


17,920 


336  pounds. 
896  " 


Fuel  used  for  bed,  coke  .  . 
Fuel  used  for  fusion,  coke  . 

Total  consumption  of  fuel 


Amount  of  iron  melted  in  cupola  .  17,920  pounds. 


1,232  pounds. 


Speed  of 
Blower  in 
revolutions. 


425 
430 
425 


Pressure 
of  water 
in  inches. 


37 
32 
29 


Time 
■when 
taken. 


1.10 
1.40 
2.15 


Remarks. 

This  was  a  melting  of  eight 
tons  of  iron  with  1,232  pounds 
of  coke,  in  one  hour  and  a 
half  from  starting  to  finishing 
blasting.  The  time  taken  to 
melt  the  iron,  after  having 
taken  away  the  first  ladleful 
of  metal  from  receiver  to  tak- 
ing away  last  metal,  was  only 
55  minutes. 

J^ote.  — 14.54  pounds  of  iron 
to  1  pound  of  coke. 

Note.  —  Coke  used,  exclu- 
sive of  bed,  896  pounds,  and 
amount  of  iron  melted,  17,920 
pounds ;  or  1  cwt.  of  coke  per 
ton  of  iron. 


ENGLISH  ANB  AMERICAN  CUPOLA-PEACTICE.  163 


Another  test  was  made  at  Messrs.  Haxby,  Sewell,  & 
Fleming's,  Well  Lane  Foundry,  Halifax,  with  a 


No.  5  CUPOLA,  4'  6"  DIAMETER  ;  SHELL,  16'  3". 


Time. 


Charge  of 

Charge 

Coke  in 

of  Iron  in 

pounds. 

pounds. 

Bed,  504 

1,866.6 

112 

1,866.6 

'*  112 

1,866.6 

"  112 

1,866.6 

««  112 

1,866.6 

'*  112 

1,866.6 

"  112 

1,866.6 

*«  112 

1,866.6 

«•  112 

1,866.6 

"  112 

1,866.6 

«  112 

1,866.6 

««  112 

1,866.6 

**  112 

1,866.6 

1,736 

22,399.2 

Speed  of 
Blower  m 
revolutions. 


Pressure 
of  water 
in  inches. 


Time 
when 
taken. 


Time  of  lighting  fire 

Put  in  coke  for  bed 
of  cupola    .    .  . 

Making  up  of  door  . 

Commenced  char- 
ging   

Filled  up  cupola 

Commenced  blast- 
ing   

Metal  running  into 
ladle  

Made  up  tapping- 
hole  of  receiver  . 

Took  away  first 
metal  in  30  min- 
utes after  blasting 

Second  metal  taken 

Third  metal  taken  . 

Fourth  metal  taken 

Finished  charging  . 

Finished  blasting  . 


10.45  A.M. 


11.15  «' 
12.30  ** 


11.30  «* 
12.30  " 


12.55  " 
1.10  p.m. 
1.10  «« 


1.40 
2,10 
2.30 
2.55 
2.25 
2.55 


504  pounds. 
1,232  " 


Fuel  used  for  bed,  coke  ,  . 
Fuel  used  for  fusion,  coke  . 

Total  consumption  of  coke 


Amount  of  iron  melted  in  cupola  .  22,399  pounds. 


1,736  pounds. 


370 
410 
416 


21 
21 

25 


1.00 
1.55 
2.45 


Remarks. 

The  fire  had  not  burned  up, 
and  was  very  dull  at  starting 
of  the  blast.  The  quality  of 
coke  was  not  the  best.  Each 
charge  of  metal  consisted  of 
about  1,344  pounds  of  pig  and 
522  pounds  of  good  scrap- 
iron,  broken  from  lathe-bed 
castings,  etc. 

Ten  tons  of  iron  were  melt- 
ed with  1,736  pounds  of  coke 
in  two  hours'  time  from  start- 
ing to  finishing  blasting.  The 
time  taken  to  melt  the  iron, 
after  having  taken  away  the 
first  ladleful  of  metal  from 
receiver  to  taking  away  last 
metal,  was  only  one  hour  and 
a  quarter. 

J^ote.  — 12.326  pounds  of 
iron  to  1  pound  of  coke. 

J^ote.  —  Coke  used,  exclu- 
sive of  bed,  1,232  pounds,  and 
amount  of  iron  melted, 22, 399.2 
pounds ;  or  1  cwt.  of  coke  per 
18.181  cwt.  of  iron. 


THE  COLLIAU  CUPOLA. 

Many  of  the  advantages  claimed  in  favor  of  the  rapid 
cupola  are  also  applicable  to  the  CoUiau  cupola  shown 


164     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

in  sectional  elevation  at  Fig.  164,  and  in  perspective 
elevation  at  Fig.  165.  i>,  Fig.  164,  represents  the  air- 
box,  Cr  Gr  the  lower  tuyeres,  F  F  the  upper  tuyeres ;  E 
is  the  arch  over  the  tap-hole  L.  is  the  arch  over  the 
slag-hole  H.  The  line  from  F  to  J  shows  the  inclina- 
tion of  the  upper  tuyeres  F  F.    jfiT  is  the  inside  brick 


Fig.  164. 

Sectional  Elevation  of  the  CoUiau  Cupola. 


lining.  The  peculiar  features  of  the  CoUiau  cupola  are 
the  proportions  and  arrangements  of  the  upper  and 
lower  tuyeres.  The  lower  tuyeres  are  rectangular,  and 
are  intended  to  furnish  the  air  necessary  to  the  com- 
bustion of  the  fuel. 

They  are  generally  open  during  the  fusion,  but  as  they 
have  gates  inside  of  the  air-box,  they  can  be  shut  more 


ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN  CUPOLA-PEACTICE.  165 


or  less  during  the  working  to  direct  the  blast  more  on 
one  side  than  the  other  if  necessary,  or  may  be  shut 


Fig.  165. 

altogether  (in  case  of  accident  to  the  blower,  for  in- 
stance.) 


166     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

The  upper  tuyeres  are  round,  and  point  downwards. 
They  are  arranged  to  alternate  with  the  lower  tuyeres. 
Their  inclination  is  proportionate  to  the  diameter  of  the 
cupola  in  such  manner  that  the  blast  from  them  will 
reach  the  focus  of  combustion  produced  by  the  lower 
tuyeres.  They  are  closed  when  the  blast  is  turned  on, 
and  opened  when  the  iron  shows  at  the  tap-hole,  and 
the  cupola  is  plugged  up  to  accumulate  the  first  draught 
of  iron. 

This  is  accomplished  by  moving  the  lever  handle, 
which  is  shown  on  the  top  of  the  air-box.  The  opening 
of  these  tuyeres  produces  a  downward  blast  of  air  (on 
the  principle  of  a  blow-pipe),  and  furnishes  the  oxygen 
necessary  to  the  combustion  of  the  hydro-carbon  gas, 
which,  without  it,  would  be  thrown  off  by  the  imperfect 
combustion  of  the  fuel  at  the  level  of  the  lower  tuyeres. 
This  combined  blast  produces  a  melting  point  about 
18"'  above  the  upper  tuyeres,  and  nowhere  else^  concen- 
trating the  heat  in  the  smallest  possible  compass,  so 
that  the  metal  in  fusion  has  less  space  to  traverse  while 
exposed  to  the  oxidizing  influence  of  the  blast,  thereby 
insuring  tougher  castings,  and  also  perfect  combustion 
of  the  inflammable  gases  (with  corresponding  economy 
of  fuel),  contrary  to  the  usual  practice  of  spreading  the 
blast  as  much  as  possible.  In  the  practical  use  of  this 
cupola,  there  is  no  flame  at  the  loading  doors,  and  no 
turning-off  of  combustible  gases  at  the  top  of  the  stack 
—  carbonic-acid  gas  alone  escaping  (which  is  the  product 
of  perfect  combustion).  Meltings  of  ten  to  twelve 
pounds  of  iron,  with  one  pound  of  fuel,  are  obtained  in 
this  cupola,  according  to  the  quantity  of  metal  melted 
at  a  heat.  Another  point  is  the  rapidity  of  melting, 
which  increases  as  the  operation  is  carried  on  instead 


ENGLISH  AND  AMEBIC  AN  CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  167 


of  decreasing,  and  also  in  giving  hotter  iron  at  the  end 
than  at  the  beginning.  This  is  the  reverse  of  all  other 
cupolas. 

The  following  is  the  result  of  a  test  made  at  the 
works  of  the  Detroit  Car-wheel  Company :  — 

Certificate  of  quantities  of  Fuel  used  and  Iron  melted  at  the 
Foundry  of  the  Detroit  Car-wheel  Company, 


Fuel  used  for  bed,  coke  . 
Fuel  used  for  fusion 

Total  consumption  of  fuel 

Amount  of  iron  melted  in  the  cupola 

liighting      .      .    10  o'clock. 
1  loading  commenced  


Blasting 
First  iron  taken 
Loading  finished 
I  ropped  bottom 


.  11.15  " 

.  11.50  " 

.  3.55  " 

.  4.45 


10  tons  loaded  at 


20 

a  it 

80 

u  « 

40 

50 

i(  if 

60 

ii  i.< 

70 

iA  ii 

.80 

it  a 

1,500  lbs. 
6,900 

8,400 

94,000  " 

1L30  o'clock. 

12,45 
1.55  " 
2.55  " 


This  is  a  melting  of  forty-seven  tons  in  four  hours 
and  thirty-five  minutes,  or  ten  and  a  half  tons  per  hour, 
and  over  eleven  pounds  of  iron  to  one  pound  of  coke. 
It  should  also  be  noted  that  the  first  ten  tons  took  one 
hour  and  fifteen  minutes  ;  the  second  ten  tons,  one  hour 
and  ten  minutes;  the  thijd  ten  tons,  one  hour,  —  show- 
ing a  decrease  of  time  as  the  operation  advanced ;  that 
is  to  say,  a  better  working  of  the  cupola  at  the  end  of 
the  operation  than  at  the  beginning. 

The  following  is  a  statement  giving  total  amount  of 
iron  melted,  and  coke  used  to  melt  the  same,  at  the 
Rochester  Car-wheel  Works,  during  the  month  of 
September,  1883 :  — 


168     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


1883. 

Pounds 

Pounds 

1883. 

Pounds 

Pounds 

Coke. 

Iron. 

Coke. 

Iron. 

Sept.  1  .  . 

4,850 

49,708 

Sept.  17  .  . 

5,500 

59,024 

3  .  . 

4,850 

49,980 

,   "     18  .  . 

5,500 

59,024 

4  .  . 

4,850 

49,966 

"     19  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

5  .  . 

4,850 

49,966 

"     20  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

6  .  . 

4,850 

49,751 

"     21  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

7  .  . 

4,850 

49,953 

"     22  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

8  .  . 

4,850 

49,952 

"     24  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

10  .  . 

4,850 

49,952 

"     25  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

11  .  . 

4,850 

50,082 

"     26  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

"     12  .  . 

4,850 

50,083 

"     27  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

"     13  .  . 

4,850 

48,937 

"     28  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

"     14  .  . 

4,850 

48,937 

29  .  . 

5,500 

59,041 

15  .  . 

4,850 

48,937 

Total.   .  . 

129,050 

1,354,662 

Just  about  lOJ  to  1  in  twenty-five  consecutive  days. 


The  advantages  of  the  two  cupolas  illustrated  may 
be  summed  up  in  the  following  manner:  — 

1st.  A  saving  of  from  twenty  to  fifty  per  cent,  of  fuel, 
by  securing  more  perfect  combustion  at  the  melting- 
point. 

2d.  The  iron  is  improved  by  the  melting,  and  a  pure, 
uniform  metal  is  obtained. 

3d.  Much  greater  rapidity  of  fusion,  often  doubling 
the  ordinary  cupola  capacity. 

4th.  Hot  fluid-iron  all  through  the  heat. 

5th.  Concentration  of  the  fire  in  the  smallest  possible 
compass.  The  metal  in  fusion  has  less  space  to  trav- 
erse while  exposed  to  the  oxidizing  influence  of  the 
blast.  This  insures  tougher  castings,  and  less  waste  by 
oxidation  in  the  furnace. 

6th.  The  improvements  can  be  applied  to  ordinary 
cupolas  in  a  few  days,  and  without  difficulty. 


ENGLISH  AND  AMEEICAN  CUPOLA-PRACTICE.  169 


7th.  By -this  process  the  cupola  does  not  clog.  Melt- 
ing is  practically  continuous  as  long  as  desired.  One 
hundred  tons  of  iron  have  been  melted  in  one  58-inch 
cupola  in  six  hours  and  a  half,  and  the  cupola  remained 
in  perfect  condition  at  the  end. 

8th.  A  perfect  "chilling  iron"  can  be  relied  upon 
when  desired. 

9th.  In  the  practical  use  of  these  cupolas,  there  is  no 
fire  to  be  seen  at  the  loading  doors,  and  no  throwing- 
off  of  combustible  gases  —  carbonic-acid  gases  alone 
escaping;  the  top  of  the  cupolas  being  as  cool  as  if 
there  were  no  fire  below.  - 

In  brief,  the  operation  of  melting  iron  in  foundries 
has  at  length  been  taken  out  of  the  realm  of  guess-work 
and  uncertainty,  and  placed  upon  the  ground-floor  of 
plain,  practical,  economical  common-sense. 


170     MODJEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

HINTS  FOR  DRAUGHTSMEN  AND  PATTERN-MAKERS. 

The  surface  of  a  sphere  equals  the  square  of  the 
circumference  multiplied  by  0.3183. 

The  diameter  of  a  sphere  equals  the  square  root  of 
its  surface  multiplied  by  0.56419. 

The  side  of  an  inscribed  cube  equals  the  radius  mul- 
tiplied by  1.1547. 

The  diameter  of  a  circle  equals  the  square  root  of  the 
area  multiplied  by  1.12838. 

The  diameter  of  a  sphere  equals  the  cube  root  of  its 
solidity  multiplied  by  1.2407. 

The  circumference  of  a  circle  equals  the  diameter 
multiplied  by  3.1416,  which  is  the  ratio  of  the  circum- 
ference to  the  diameter. 

The  area  of  a  triangle  equals  the  base  multiplied  by 
one-half  of  its  height. 

The  diameter  of  a  circle  equals  the  circumference 
multipled  by  0.31831. 

The  side  of  an  inscribed  equilateral  triangle  equals 
the  diameter  of  the  circle  multiplied  by  0.86. 

The  surface  equals  the  product  of  the  diameter  and 
circumference. 

The  radius  of  a  circle  equals  the  circumference  mul- 
tiplied by  0.159155. 


HINTS  FOR  DRAUGHTSMEN. 


171 


The  circumference  of  a  circle  multiplied  by  0.282 
equals  one  side  of  a  square  of  the  same  area. 

The  area  of  a  circle  equals  the  square  of  the  radius 
multiplied  by  3.1416. 

The  square  root  of  the  surface  of  a  sphere  multiplied 
by  1.772454  equals  the  circumference. 

The  area  of  a  circle  equals  one-quarter  of  the  diame- 
ter multiplied  by  the  circumference. 

The  area  of  an  ellipse  equals  the  product  of  both 
diameters  and  .7854. 

The  radius  of  a  circle  equals  the  square  root  of  the 
area  multiplied  by  0.56419. 

The  circumference  of  a  sphere  equals  the  cube  root 
of  its  solidity  multiplied  by  3.8978. 

The  side  of  a  square  equals  the  diameter  of  a  circle 
of  the  same  area  multiplied  by  0.8862. 

The  side  of  an  inscribed  square  equals  the  diameter 
multiplied  by  0.7071. 


172     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 


LONG  MEASURE. 

This  table  is  used  in  measuring  distances.  The  small- 
er units  are  the  inch  (  one  mch.  )  its  sub- 
division. 

12  inches  make  1  foot  (marked  ft.). 

3  feet  make  1  yard  (marked  yd.). 

5|-  yards  make  1  rod  or  pole  (marked  rd.). 

40  rods  make  1  furlong  (marked  fur.). 

8  furlongs  make  1  mile  (marked  m.). 

3  miles  make  1  league  (marked  lea.). 

67:^  miles  (nearly)  )  make  1  degree  (marked  deg.)  of  the 

60  nautical  miles     )     circumference  of  the  earth. 

360  degrees  make  1  circumference  (marked  cii:c.). 

An  acre  contains  4,840  square  yards. 

209  feet  long  by  209  feet  broad  is  1  acre. 

A  mile  is  5,280  feet,  or  1,760  yards, 

A  fathom  is  6  feet. 

A  cubit  is  2  feet. 

A  hand  is  4  inches. 

A  space  is  3  feet. 

A  span  is  10|  inches. 

16^  feet  make  1  rod. 

4  rods  make  1  chain. 

10  chains  make  1  furlong. 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

Square  Measure  is  used  for  measuring  surfaces.  The 
square  inch  is  the  smallest  unit  in  the  table. 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  173 

144  square  inches  (sq.  in.)  make  1  square  foot  (marked 
sq.  ft.). 


SQUARE  INCH 


9  square  feet  make  1  square  yard  (marked  sq.  yd.). 

80^  square  yards  make  1  square  rod  or  perch  (marked P.). 

40  square  rods  make  1  rood  (marked  R.). 

4  roods  make  1  acre  (marked  A.). 

640  acres  make  1  square  mile  (marked  sq.  m.). 

SOLID  OR  CUBIC  MEASURE. 

This  measure  is  used  in  measuring  timber  and  stone, 
and  gives  the  unit  for  liquid  and  dry  measure,  and 
measures  weights  and  coins. 


CUBIC  INCH 


1,728  cubic  inches  (cu.  in.)  make  one  cubic  foot  (marked 
cu.  ft.). 

27  cubic  feet  make  1  cubic  yard  (marked  cu.  yd.). 
16  cubic  feet  make  1  cord  foot  (marked  co.  ft.). 
8  cord  feet,  or  128  cubic  feet,  make  1  cord  of  wood 
(marked  C). 


174     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


A  pile  of  wood  4  feet  high,  4  feet  broad,  and  8  feet  long 
makes  one  cord. 

40  cubic  feet  of  round  timber,  or  50  cubic  feet  of  hewn 
timber,  makes  one  ton. 

A  box  3x4  inches,  2^  inches  deep,  contains  one  quart. 

A  box  4x4  inches,  inches  deep,  contains  one  half 
peck. 

A  box  8x8|^  inches,  8  inches  deep,  contains  one  peck. 
A  box  16xl6J  inches,  13  inches  deep,  contains  one 
bushel. 

A  box  16  X  24  inches,  22  inches  deep,  contains  one  barrel. 
282  cubic  inches,  one  gallon  of  ale. 
231  cubic  inches,  one  gallon  of  wine. 
268f  cubic  inches,  one  dry  gallon. 
2,150f  cubic  inches,  one  bushel. 

CLOTH  MEASURE. 

This  measure  is  used  in  measuring  cloth  and  other 
articles  sold  by  the  yard.  The  yard  and  inch  are  the 
same  in  this  as  in  Long  Measure. 

2^  inches  (in.)  make  1  nail  (marked  na.). 

4  nails  make  1  quarter  of  a  yard  (marked  qr.). 

4  quarters  make  1  yard  (marked  yd.). 

5  quarters  make  1  ell  English  (marked  E.  E.). 

LIQUID  OR  WINE  MEASURE. 

This  measure  is  used  in  measuring  all  kinds  of  liquids. 
The  wine  pint-cup  will  hold  28|  cubic  inches. 

4  gills  (gi.)  make  1  pint  (marked  pt.). 
2  pints  make  1  quart  (marked  qt.). 
4  quarts  make  1  gallon  (marked  gal.). 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  175 


63  gallons  make  1  hogshead  (marked  hhd.). 
2  hogsheads  make  1  pipe  (marked  pi.). 
2  pipes  make  1  tun  (marked  tun) . 

DRY  MEASURE. 

This  measure  is  used  in  measuring  grain,  fruit,  coal, 
salt,  etc.  A  pint-cup  of  this  measure  contains  33| 
cubic  inches. 

2  pints  make  1  quart  (marked  qt.). 
8  quarts  make  1  peck  (marked  pk.). 
4  pecks  make  1  bushel  (marked  bu.) . 

TROY  WEIGHT. 

Troy  Weight  is  used  in  weighing  gold,  silver,  and 
jewels.  The  Troy  pound  is  a  piece  of  brass  or  other 
metal,  which  weighs  as  much  as  22|-  cubic  inches  of 
water  at  a  certain  temperature, 

24  grains  (gr.)  make  1  pennyweight  (marked  pwt.). 
20  pennyweights  make  1  ounce  (marked  oz.). 
12  ounces  make  1  pound  (marked  lb.). 

APOTHECARIES'  WEIGHT. 

The  Troy  pound  is  sometimes  divided  differently  to 
weigh  medicines  in  mixing  them.  The  pound,  ounce, 
and  grain  are  the  same  in  Troy  and  Apothecaries' 
Weight. 

20  grains  (gr.)  make  1  scruple  (marked  sc.). 

3  scruples  make  1  dram  (marked  dr.). 
8  drams  make  1  ounce  (marked  oz.). 

12  ounces  make  one  pound  (marked  lb.). 


176     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 


AVOIRDUPOIS  WEIGHT. 

This  weight  is  used  in  all  ordinary  weighing.  The 
avoirdupois  pound  is  heavier  than  the  Troy  pound,  144 
avoirdupois  pounds  being  equal  to  176  Troy  pounds. 

16  drains  make  1  ounce  (marked  oz.). 
16  ounces  make  1  pound  (marked  lb.). 
25  pounds  make  1  quarter  (marked  qr.). 
4  quarters,  or  100  pounds,  make  1  hundred  weight  (marked 
ewt.). 

20  hundred  weight  make  1  ton  (marked  T.). 


16  drachms 
16  ounces 
14  pounds 
28  pounds 
4  quarters 
2,240  pounds 

Sl^  gallons 
63  gallons 
42  gallons 
84  gallons 

252  gallons 


COMMERCIAL 


MEASURE. 


1  ounce. 
1  pound. 
1  stone. 
1  quarter. 
1  cwt. 
1  ton. 


1  barrel. 
1  hogshead. 
1  tierce. 
1  puncheon. 
1  tun. 


LIQUID  MEASURE. 


UNITED  STATES  MONEY. 

The  units  are  coins  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  nickel, 
of  fixed  weight,  size,  and  color. 

10  mills  make  1  cent  (marked  c). 
10  cents  make  1  dime  (marked  d.). 
10  dimes  make  1  dollar  (marked  S). 
10  dollars  make  1  eagle  (marked  E.). 


TABLES  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  177 


ENGLISH  MONEY. 
4  farthings  (far.)  make  1  penny  (marked  d.). 
12  pence  make  1  shilling  (marked  s.). 
20  shillings  make  1  pound  (marked  £) . 

The  coins  of  this  table  are  gold,  silver,  and  copper. 
A  sovereign  is  a  gold  coin,  —  1  pound  or  20  shillings. 
A  guinea  is  equal  to  21  shillings. 
A  pound  is  equal  to  $4.84  American  money. 

MEASURE  OF  TIME. 

The  natural  units  in  this  table  are  the  day  and  the 
year.  The  smallest  unit,  the  second,  is  the  interval 
between  two  ticks  of  a  clock,  the  pendulum  being  S9^q 
inches  long. 

60  seconds  (sec.)  make  1  minute  (marked  min.), 
60  minutes  make  1  hour  (marked  hr.). 
24  hours  make  1  day  (marked  dy.). 
7  days  make  1  week  (marked  wk.). 

365  days  make  1  common  year  (marked  yr.). 

366  days  make  1  leap  year. 

100  years  make  1  century  (marked  c). 

The  year  is  divided  into  twelve  months. 

First  month,  January,  has  31  days. 

Second  month,  February,  has  28  days ;  in  leap  year,  29. 

Third  month,  March,  has  31  days. 

Fourth  month,  April,  has  30  days. 

Fifth  month.  May,  has  31  days. 

Sixth  month,  June,  has  30  days. 

Seventh  month,  July,  has  31  days. 

Eighth  month,  August,  has  31  days. 

Ninth  month,  September,  has  30  days. 

Tenth  month,  October,  has  31  days. 

Eleventh  month,  November,  has  30  days. 

Twelfth  month,  December,  has  31  days. 


178     MODEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


MISCELLANEOUS  TABLE. 

12  units  make  1  dozen. 

12  dozen  make  1  gross. 

20  units  make  1  score. 

24  sheets  of  paper  make  1  quire. 

20  quires  make  1  ream. 


METEIC  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  179 


THE  FRENCH  OR  METRIC  SYSTEM  OP  WEIGHTS 
AND  MEASURES. 


The  great  advantage  of  the  French  or  metric  system 
of  weights  and  measures  is  the  uniformity  in  the  names 
and  in  the  division  of  the  units  in  the  different  tables. 

The  division  is  the  successive  division  into  tenths, 
after  the  manner  of  the  eagle,  dollar,  dime,  cent,  and 
mill  of  the  United  States  money.  In  addition  to  these 
advantages,  this  system  has  one  table  of  weights  instead 
of  three ;  one  table  for  cubic,  liquid,  and  dry  measure. 
The  names  of  the  units  indicate  what  multiple  or  part 
of  the  principal  unit  they  are. 

LONG  MEASURE. 

The  metre  is  the  principal  unit  or  basis  of  the  table 
of  Long  Measure.  The  metre  is  1  yard  3|  inches,  or 
^^iVo  iiiches. 

10  millimetres  make  1  centimetre. 
10  centimetres  make  1  decimetre. 

10  decimetres  make  1  metre  =  39^^  inches  (marked  M.). 

10  metres  make  1  decametre  (marked  D.). 

10  decametres  make  1  hectometre  (marked  H"^.). 

10  hectometres  make  1  kilometre  (marked  K"™.). 

10  kilometres  make  1  myriametre  =  Gj^^q  miles  (marked 


180     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


The  prefixes  milli,  centi,  deci,  mean  -^o^oo'  Too'  iV 
respectively;  the  prefixes  deca,  hecto,  kilo,  myria,  10, 
100,  1,000,  10,000,  respectively.  These  are  used  in  all 
the  tables  of  this  system.  In  commerce,  the  expres- 
sions, 10  metres,  100  metres,  1,000  metres,  10,000  metres, 
are  invariably  used  instead  of  decametre,  hectometre, 
kilometre. 

SQUARE  MEASURE. 

The  natural  unit  is  the  centiare,  or  square  metre, 
equal  to  1^  square  yards  (nearly). 

100  centiares  make  1  are  =100  square  metres. 
10  ares  make  1  decare. 

10  decares  make  1  hectare  =  2-^-^^  acres,  2J  acres,  nearly. 
CUBIC  MEASURE. 

The  unit  of  this  table  is  the  cubic  metre  =  1.3  cubic 
yards.  This  is  called  a  stere  when  used  in  measuring 
wood,  or  hectolitre  when  applied  to  liquid  or  dry  meas- 
ure, of  which  the  principal  unit  is  the  litre  or  cubic 
decimetre  =  of  a  quart,  dry  measure,  and  l^f  q  of  a 
quart,  liquid  measure. 

10  milliiitres  make  1  centilitre  =10  cubic  centimetres. 
10  centilitres  make  1  decilitre. 

10  decilitres  make  1  litre  =  1  cubic  decimetre  =      of  a 
dry  quart,  D.M.,  lyfo      ^  quart,  L.M. 
10  litres  make  1  decalitre. 
10  decalitres  make  1  hectolitre. 

10  hectolitres  make  1  kilolitre  or  stere  =  1  cubic  metre. 
WEIGHTS. 

The  principal  unit  is  the  gramme,  or  the  weight  of 
a  millilitre  of  pure  water  when  it  is  heaviest.  The 
gramme  is  15-^Yo  gi*3.ins  avoirdupois. 


METKIC  SYSTEM  OF  WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES.  181 


10  milligrammes  make  1  centigramme. 
10  centigrammes  make  1  decigramme. 
10  decigrammes  make  1  gramme  =  ^^t^o  gi*aiiis  avoir- 
dupois. 

10  grammes  make  1  decagramme. 
10  decagrammes  make  1  hectogramme. 
10  hectogrammes  make  1  kilogramme  =  2^  lbs.  avoir- 
dupois. 

10  kilogrammes  make  1  myriagramme. 
10  myriagrammes  make  1  quintal. 

10  quintals  make  1  millier  or  tonneau  =  1^^  tons,  nearly. 

TABLE  OF  FRENCH  MONEY. 
10  millimes  make  1  centime. 

100  centimes  make  1  franc  =19  cents  and  3  mills  United 
States  money. 

20  francs  make  1  louis. 
5  centimes  make  1  sou. 
5  francs  are  nearly  one  dollar. 

WEIGHTS. 

A  franc  in  silver  weighs  5  grammes.  40  five-franc 
pieces  in  silver  weigh  one  kilogramme. 


182     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


MISCELLANEOUS  RECIPES  AND  TABLES. 


SHELLAC  VARNISH  FOR  PATTERNS. 

Dissolve  good  shellac  or  seed  lac  in  alcohol,  making  the 
varnish  of  any  consistence  desired. 

Note.  —  Shellac  gives  a  pale  cinnamon-colored  varnish. 
Varnish  made  of  seed  lac  is  deeper-colored  and  redder.  If 
colorless  varnish  is  desired,  use  bleached  shellac. 

GLUE  AND  CEMENTS. 

Glue  is  undoubtedly  the  most  important  cement  used  in 
the  arts.  Good  glue  is  hard,  clear  (not  necessarily  light- 
colored,  however),  and  free  from  bad  taste  and  smell.  Glue 
which  is  easily  dissolved  in  cold  water  is  not  strong.  Good 
glue  merely  swells  in  cold  water,  and  must  be  heated  to 
boiling-point  before  it  will  dissolve  thoroughly.  Great  care 
must  be  taken  not  to  burn  it,  and  therefore  it  should  always 
be  prepared  in  a  water-bath. 

CEMENT  FOR  LEATHER  BELTING. 

Common  glue  and  isinglass,  equal  parts,  soaked  for  ten 
hours  in  just  enough  water  to  cover  them.  Bring  gradually 
to  boiling-heat,  and  add  pure  ta*nnin  until  the  whole  becomes 
ropy,  or  appears  like  the  w^hite  of  eggs. 

Buff  off  the  surfaces  to  be  joined,  apply  this  cement  warm, 
and  clamp  firmly. 


MISCELLANEOUS  BECIPES  AND  TABLES.  183 


CEMENT  FOR  ATTACHING  LEATHER  TO  METAL. 

Wash  the  metal  with  hot  gelatine  ;  steep  the  leather  in  an 
infusion  of  nut-galls  (hot) ,  and  bring  the  two  together. 


CEMENT  FOR  CAST-IRON. 

Take  sal-ammoniaj3,  2  oz. ;  sublimed  sulphur,  1  oz. ;  cast- 
iron  filings  or  fine  turnings,  1  lb.  Mix  in  a  mortar,  and  keep 
the  powder  dry. 

When  it  is  to  be  used,  mix  it  with  twenty  times  its  weight 
of  clean  iron  turnings  or  filings,  and  grind  the  whole  in  a. 
mortar ;  then  wet  it  with  water  until  it  becomes  of  conven- 
ient consistence,  when  it  is  to  be  applied  to  the  joint.  After 
a  time  it  becomes  as  hard  and  strong  as  any  part  of  the 
metal. 


IRON  CEMENT  FOR  CLOSING  THE  JOINTS  OF  IRON  PIPES. 

Take  of  iron  borings,  coarse  powdered,  5  lbs. ;  powdered 
sal-ammoniac,  2  oz. ;  sulphur,  1  oz.  ;  and  water  sufiScient  to 
moisten  it. 

This  composition  hardens  rapidly ;  but,  if  time  can  be 
allowed,  it  sets  more  firmly  without  the  sulphur.  It  must 
be  used  as  soon  as  mixed,  and  rammed  tightly  into  tha 
joints. 

BLACK  VARNISH  FOR  CAST-IRON  PATTERNS. 

For  objects  to  which  it  is  applicable,  one  of  the  best  black- 
varnishes  is  obtained  by  applying  boiled  linseed  oil  to  the^ 
iron,  the  latter  being  heated  to  a  temperature  that  will  just 
char  or  blacken  the  oil.  The  oil  seems  to  enter  the  pores  of 
the  iron,  and  after  such  an  application  the  metal  resists  rust 
and  corrosive  agents  perfectly. 


184     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


BLACK  VARNISH  FOR  IRON-^\^ORK. 

Fuse  40  oz.  of  asphaltum,  and  add  half  a  gallon  of  boiled 
linseed  oil,  6  oz.  red  lead,  6  oz.  litharge,  and  4  oz.  sulphate 
of  zinc  dried  and  powdered.  Boil  for  two  hours,  and  mix 
in  8  oz.  fused  dark  amber  gum  and  a  pint  of  hot  linseed  oil, 
and  boil  again  for  two  hours  more.  When  the  mass  has 
thickened,  withdraw  the  heat,  and  thin  down  with  a  gallon 
of  turpentine. 

WHITE  HARD  VARNISH  FOR  WOOD  OR  METAL. 

Mastic,  2  oz. ;  sandarach,  8  oz. ;  elemi,  1  oz.  ;  Stras- 
bourg or  Scio  turpentine,  4  oz.  ;  alcohol,  1  quart. 

VARNISH  FOR  BRIGHT  IRON-WORK. 

Dissolve  3  lbs.  of  rosin  in  10  pints  boiled  linseed  oil,  and 
add  2  lbs.  of  turpentine. 

ALLOY  FOR  FILLING  HOLES  IN  IRON. 

Bismuth,  one  part ;  antimony,  two  parts  ;  lead,  nine  parts. 
This  alloy  expands  in  cooling,  so  that  when  a  hole  is  filled 
with  the  melted  alloy  the  plug  is  not  loose  when  it  is  cold. 

MEASUREMENT  OF  LUMBER. 

To  find  the  superficial  contents  of  boards,  planks,  scant- 
lings, joists,  and  square  timber,  when  the  length  is  given  in 
feet,  and  the  width  and  thickness  in  inches. 

Rule.  —  Multiply  the  length  by  the  width,  and  divide  the 
product  by  12  ;  or,  in  other  words,  take  12  for  the  unity 
term  of  a  fraction,  and  the  length  and  width  for  the  unit 
term,  and  proceed  in  multiplication. 

Example  1.  — How  many  feet  are  there  in  a  board  24'  long, 
ir'  wide,  and  V  thick? 


MISCELLA^TEOUS  BECIPES  AND  TABLES.  185 


Statement :  — 

2 


Example  2.  —  How  many  feet  in  a  board  20'  long  and  16" 
wide  ? 

Statement :  — 

4 

20  X  ,  „ 

3 

Simply  f  X  20  =  26'  8",  or  |  x  16  =  26'  8". 

Example  3.  —  How  many  feet  in  13  boards  24'  long  and 
20"  wide? 

Statement :  — 

ix20Xl3^^^^, 


The  12  is  contained  in  24  2  times ;  2  x  20  X  13  =  520,  the> 
number  of  feet. 

Example  4. — Find  the  contents,  in  board  measure,  of  a. 
plank  18'  long,  10"  wide,  and  2"  thick. 

Statement :  — 

&X10X^_ 

-30. 


Example  5. — How  many  feet  in  90  pieces  of  scantling: 
2"  X  3"  X  16Mong? 
Statement :  — 


186     MODERK  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


Example  6.  —  How  many  feet  in  a  stick  of  timber  7  X  10, 
and  16^  long? 
Statement :  — 

SQUARE  AND  ROUND  TIMBER. 

To  find  the  cubical  contents  of  square  timber. 

Rule. — Take  12  x  12  for  the  unity  term  of  a  fraction 
and  the  indicated  product  of  the  area  of  one  end  in  inches, 
and  the  length  in  feet  for  the  unit  term. 

ExamjAe. — Find  the  cubical  contents  of  a  stick  of  tim- 
ber 16  X  16  X  36, 

Statement :  — 

4  ? 
16  X     X  _ 

For  round  timber,  to  reduce  it  to  square  timber. 

EuLE.  —  From  the  mean  diameter  subtract  its  third  part, 
square  the  remainder,  and  the  product  of  that  result  into  the 
length,  divided  by  12  X  12,  gives  the  cubical  contents  in 
square  timber. 

Note. — To  find  the  mean  diameter,  add  the  two  ends 
together,  and  divide  by  two. 


EXPANSION  OF  METALS. 

Metals  expand  by  heat,  and  contract  by  cold ;  and  in 
almost  all  mechanical  operations,  unless  the  tendency  to 
expand  is  allowed  to  act,  very  great  strains  are  brought  to 
bear  upon  the  material. 

The  following  table  shows  the  amount  of  expansion  for 
metals  per  foot :  — 


MISCELLANEOUS  KECIPES  AND  TABLES.  187 


Expansion  per  Degree 
Fah. 

Expansion  from 
32*  TO  212**. 

.0000067 

.00122 

Steel  ..... 

.0000069 

,00124 

.0000090 

.00171 

.0000160 

.00294 

Tin  

.0000190 

.00217 

Almost  all  solid  bodies  expand  equally  for  each  degree 
between  freezing  and  boiling,  or  from  32°  to  212°  of  Fahren- 
heit's thermometer.  A  bar  of  iron  therefore,  which  is  12 
feet  long,  by  an  increase  of  60^  of  temperature  becomes 
50  X  12  X  .0000067  =  12.0048  feet  in  length. 


APPROXIMATE  RULES  FOR  FINDING  THE  WEIGHT  OP 
ROUND,  SQUARE,  AND  RECTANGULAR  BEAMS,  BARS, 
ETC.,  OF  CAST-IRON. 

Rule  1. — Multiply  the  square  of  the  diameter  in  inches 
by  the  length  in  feet  and  2.48,  and  the  product  will  be  the 
weight  in  pounds  avoirdupois. 

The  dimensions  of  a  cast-iron  ring  being  given,  to  find  its 
weight :  — 

Rule. — ^  Multiply  the  breadth  of  the  ring  added  to  the 
inner  diameter  by  .0074,  and  that  again  by  the  breadth  and 
by  the  thickness,  and  the  product  will  be  its  weight  in 
hundred-weight. 

To  find  the  weight  of  any  cast-iron  ball  whose  diameter  is 
given :  — 

Rule. — Multiply  the  cube  of  the  diameter  in  inches  by 
.1377,  and  the  product  will  be  the  weight  in  pounds  avoir- 
dupois. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  cast-iron  ball  when  the  weight 
is  given  :  — 

Rule. — Multiply  the  cube  root  of  the  weight  in  pounds 
by  1.936,  and  the  product  will  be  the  diameter  in  inches. 


188     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

RULES  FOR  CALCULATING  THE  SPEED  OF  GEARS  OR 
PULLEYS. 

In  calculating  for  gears,  multiply  or  divide  by  the  number 
of  teeth,  as  may  be  required.  In  calculating  for  pulleys, 
multiply  or  divide  by  their  diameter  in  inches. 

.The  driving-wheel  is  called  the  driver,  and  the  driven- 
wheel  the  driven. 

Problem  1. — The  revolutions  of  driver  and  driven,  and 
the  diameter  of  driven,  being  given,  required  the  diameter  of 
driver. 

Rule.  —  Multiply  the  diameter  of  driven  by  its  number  of 
revolutions,  and  divide  by  the  number  of  revolutions  of  the 
driver. 

Problem  2.  —  The  diameter  and  revolutions  of  the  driver 
being  given,  required  the  diameter  of  the  driven  to  make  a 
given  number  of  revolutions  in  the  same  time. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  diameter  of  the  driver  by  its  number 
of  revolutions,  and  divide  the  product  by  the  required  num- 
ber of  revolutions. 

Problem  3.  —  The  diameter  or  number  of  teeth  and 
number  of  revolutions  of  the  driver,  with  the  diameter  or 
number  of  teeth  of  the  driven,  being  given,  required  the 
revolutions  of  the  driven. 

Rule. — Multiply  the  diameter  or  number  of  teeth  of  the 
driver  by  its  number  of  revolutions,  and  divide  by  the  diam- 
eter or  number  of  teeth  of  the  driven. 

Problem  4. — ^The  diameter  of  driver  and  driven,  and 
the  number  of  revolutions  of  driven,  being  given,  required 
the  number  of  revolutions  of  the  driver. 

Rule.  —  Multiply  the  diameter  of  driven  by  its  number  of 
revolutions,  and  divide  by  the  diameter  of  the  driver. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EECIPES  AND  TABLES,  189 


TABLE  OF  THE  WEIGHT  A'^D  STRENGTH  OF  CHAINS. 


Inch. 

Weight  per 

FOOT. 

Safe  Weight 
in  pounds. 

Inch. 

Weight  per 

FOOT. 

Safe  Weight 
in  pounds. 

i 

0.17 

250 

i 

4.0 

6,250 

A 

0.38 

560 

11 
16 

4.84 

7,550 

1 

0.67 

1,000 

3 
? 

5.75 

9,000 

1.08 

1,560 

1  3 
T6 

6.0 

10,500 

3 
8 

1.-55 

2,250 

7 
8 

7.83 

12,250 

2.11 

3,050 

if 

9.4 

14,000 

1 

2.7 

4,000 

1 

10.07 

16,000 

9 
T6 

3.42 

5,050 

MELTING  POINT  OF  METALS. 


Name. 

Degrees  Fah. 

Authority. 

Platina    *    .    .  . 
Antimony    .    .  . 
Bismuth  ..... 
Tin  (average)  .  . 

Lead  

Zinc  

Cast-iron  .... 

Wrought-iron  .  . 
Copper  (average)  . 

4,593 
955^842 
487-507 
475 

622-620 

772-782 
2       (1,922-2,012,  white  ) 
(2,012-1,922,  gray  ) 
2,552-2,733,  welding  heat. 
2,174 

J.  Lowthian  Bell. 

it  a 

J.  Lowthian  Bell. 
Pouillet.  " 

190     MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


AVERAGE  SHRINKAGE  OF  CAST  METALS. 


Steam-engine  cylinders   yV' 

Steam-engine  frames   -^'^  in  1'. 

In  pipes   y^'mV. 

In  thin  brass   in  1'. 

In  thick  brass   ^'Mn  1'. 

In  steel   -^'^  in 

In  copper   in  V. 

In  tin   -^'^  in  1'. 

In  zinc   -5^'"  in  1'. 

In  lead   t^/'  in  1'. 


STRENGTH  OF  MATERIALS  OF  CONSTRUCTION. 


The  ultimate  resistance  in  pounds  per  square  inch  of  section,  of 
various  materials  for  construction,  are  as  follows:  — 


Name  of  Material. 

Resistance  to 
Extension. 

Resistance  to 
Compression. 

Tensile 
strength  in 
Practice. 

Comparative 
strength  in 
Practice. 

White  pine  . 

10,000 

6,000 

2,000 

1,200 

White  oak 

15,000 

7,500 

3,000 

1,500 

Rock  elm  .  . 

16,000 

8,011 

3,200 

1,602 

Wrought-iron 

60,000 

50,000 

12,000 

15,000 

Cast-iron  .  . 

20,000 

100,000 

4,000 

20,000 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOE.  GENERAL  USE.  191 


PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE. 


LAP-WELDED  AMERICA^T  CHARCOAL  IROI^  BOILER 
TUBES. 


External  diame- 
ter. 

Standard  thick- 
ness. 

Internal  diameter. 

Internal  circum- 
ference. 

External  circum- 
ference. 

*  Length  of  pipe 
per  sq.  ft.  of  in- 
side surface. 

*  Length  of  pipe 
persq.  ft.  of  out- 
side surface. 

Internal  area. 

External  area. 

Weight  per  foot. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

Feet. 

Feet. 

Ins. 

Ins. 

lbs. 

1 

0.072 

0.856 

2.689 

3.142 

4.460 

3.819 

0.575 

0.785 

0.708 

H 

0.072 

1.106 

3.474 

3.927 

3.455 

3.056 

0.960 

1.227 

0.900 

li 

0.083 

1.334 

4.191 

4.712 

2.863 

2.547 

1.396 

1.767 

1.250 

If 

0.095 

1.560 

4.901 

5.498 

2.448 

2.183 

1.911 

2.405 

1.665 

2 

0.098 

1.804 

5.667 

6.283 

2.118 

1.909 

2.556 

3.142 

1.981 

2i 

0.098 

2.054 

6.484 

7.069 

1.850 

1.698 

3.314 

3.976 

2.238 

2i 

0.109 

2.283 

7.172 

7.854 

1.673 

1.528 

4.094 

4.909 

2.755 

2i 

0.109 

2.533 

7.957 

8.639 

1.508 

1.390 

5.039 

5.940 

3.045 

3 

0.109 

2.783 

8.743 

9.425 

1.373 

1.273 

6.083 

7.069 

3.333 

3i 

0.119 

3.012 

9.462 

10.210 

1.268 

1.175 

7.125 

8.296 

3.958 

3i 

0.119 

3.262 

10.248 

10.995 

1.171 

1.091 

8.357 

9.621 

4.272 

3} 

0.119 

3.512 

11.033 

11.781 

1.088 

1.018 

9.687 

11.045 

4.590 

4 

0.130 

3.741 

11.753 

12.566 

1.023 

0.955 

10.992 

12.566 

5.320 

4i 

0.130 

4.241 

13.323 

14.137 

0.901 

0.849 

14.126 

15.904 

6.010 

5 

0.140 

4.720 

14.818 

15.708 

0.809 

0.764 

17.497 

19.635 

7.226 

6 

0.151 

5.699 

17.904 

18.849 

0.670 

0.637 

25.509 

28.274 

9.346 

7 

0.172 

6.657 

20.914 

21.991 

0.574 

0.545 

34.805 

38.484 

12.435 

8 

0.182 

7.636 

23.989 

25.132 

0.500 

0.478 

45.795 

50.265 

15.109 

9 

0.193 

8.615 

27.055 

28.274 

0.444 

0.424 

58.291 

63.617 

18.002 

10 

0.214 

9.573 

30.074 

31.416 

0.399 

0.382 

71.975 

78.540 

22.190 

*  In  estimating  the  effective  steam-heating  or  boiler  surface  of  tubes,  the  surface 
in  contact  with  air  or  gases  of  combustion  (whether  internal  or  external  to  the  tubes) 
is  to  be  taken.  For  heating  liquids  by  steam,  super-heating  steam,  cr  transferring 
heat  from  one  liquid  or  one  gas  to  another,  the  mean  surfaQe  Qf  tbe  tubee  is  to  be 
taken. 


192    MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


WROUGHT-IRON  WELDED  TUBES. 


For  Steam,  Gas,  or  Water. 


Nominal 
Diameter. 

Actual 

Actual 

Weight  per 

Number  of 

Inside 

Outside 

Thickness. 

Foot  of 

Threads  per 

Diameter. 

Diameter . 

Inch  of  Screw. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

lbs. 

1 

8 

970 

.  vUO 

94^ 

97 

1 

4 

.Uoo 

zt99 

lo 

2. 
8 

.0  lO 

.001 

lo 

1 

.O'i 

Q.AK 
.040 

14 

i 

l.UO 

1 1  Q 

1  1  9^^ 
1.  IZO 

14 

1 
1 

1.1/40 

l.olO 

.lO'i 

1.0  lU 

i  1 

1^ 

l.OoU 

l.DO 

1  Af\ 

•  I'dbU 

9  9f^ft 

1  1 

1  A1 1 

1  0 

9  (KOA 

1 1  1 

2 

2.067 

2.375 

.154 

3.667 

Hi 

2i 

2.468 

2.875 

.204 

5.773 

8 

3 

3.067 

3.5 

.217 

7.547 

8 

Si 

3.548 

4 

.226 

9.055 

8 

4 

4.026 

4.5 

.237 

10.728 

8 

4i 

4.508 

5 

.247 

12.492 

8 

5 

5.045 

5.563 

.259 

14.564 

8 

6 

6.065 

6.625 

.280 

18.767 

8 

7.023 

7.625 

.301 

23.410 

8 

8 

7.982 

8.625 

.322 

28.348 

8 

9 

9.001 

9.688 

.344 

34.077 

8 

10 

10.019 

10.75 

.366 

40.641 

8 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOE  GENERAL  USE.  193 


TABLE  OF  THE  WEIGHT  AND  STRENGTH  OF  MANILA 

CORDAGE. 


Size  Cir- 
cumference, 
Indies. 

Size 
Diameter. 
Indies. 

Weight  of 

100 
fathoms* 

Feet  in  one 
pound. 

Breaking  strain 
of  new  ropes. 
Pounds. 

Tarred 
Hemp. 
Weight  of 
100  fathoms. 

3 

8 

Ql 
01 

OA 

For  ropes  in  use 

■i  1 

1 

A  A 

1  A 

14 

deduct   1  from 
these  figures  for 
chafing,  etc. 

40 

1 3 

9 

TS 

DU 

1  A 

lU 

75 

z 

5 

8 

ly 

^1 

0  AAA 

1  AA 
lUU 

3 

i 

A  AAA 

4,U0(J 

VZo 

0 1 

1 3 

■J  00 

0 

5,000 

155 

OS 

7 

8 

140 

4 

a  AAA 

190 

Q 

0 

1 

I  ID 

Of 

•7  AAA 

ZZo 

Q 

Q  P;AA 

Zoo 

0  1 

1 1 

Is 

Z4U 

A  PCAA 

y,ouo 

300 

Q3 

1 1 

z  io 

01 

1  "(  AAA 

4 

305 

2 

12,500 

405 

4i 

If 

355 

li% 

14,000 

455 

4i 

li 

395 

li 

16,000 

500 

5 

490 

li 

20,000 

630 

^ 

J^4 

595 

1 

24,000 

750 

6 

2 

705 

10'^ 

27,000 

910 

6i 

2i 

825 

84^' 

31,500 

1,050 

7 

2i 

960 

37,000 

1,235 

7i 

2i 

1,100 

42,500 

1,400 

8 

2f 

1,255 

48,500 

1,600 

8i 

2J 

1,415 

6" 

54,500 

1,820 

9 

3 

1,585 

4V' 

61,500 

2,050 

194     MODEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CAST-IRON  PIPES,  TWELVE  INCHES  LONG. 
Thickness  of  Metal. 


Bore. 

3ff 
8 

8 

3// 
4 

7// 
8 

1 " 

X 

1  X'f 

Inch. 

IDS. 

IDS. 

IDS. 

lbs. 

IDS. 

IDS. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

2 

3.1 

5.1 

7  4 

10.0 

12.9 

16.1 

19.6 

9  *^  ^ 

97  f\ 

^  4.U 

11 

O.  1 

u.u 

ft 

11.5 

14  7 

1ft  ^ 

xo.o 

99  1 

9Pi  9 

^0  7 

OU.  4 

4.3 

6.9 

Q  ft 

1.^  0 

16.6 

20.4 

24.5 

29.0 

OO.  4 

4  Q 

7  ft 

11  1 

14  Q\ 

1ft  4 

99 

97  0 

ii  4  .  U 

'^1  ft 
ox.o 

ft 

OU.O 

2 

5  5 

ft  ft 

12.3 

Ifi  1 

90  ^ 

94  7 

29.5 

^4 

QQ  Q 

6.1 

Q  7 

13.5 

17 

X  i.KJ 

22.1 

26.8 

31.9 

^7  ^ 
O  1  .o 

4^  0 

^2 

U.  i 

10 

-Lv.U 

14  7 

1Q  9 

9^  Q 

9ft  Q 

34.4 

40  0 

4fi  0 

7  4 

11  ^ 
XX. o 

Ifi  0 

90  7 

25.7 

^1  1 
OX.  X 

^fi  ft 

ou.o 

49  ft 

40  1 

3 

O.v/ 

12.4 

17  9 

22.2 

27.6 

33.3 

39.3 

45.6 

o.u 

12.3 

1ft  4 

9^  ft 

9Q  ^ 

35.4 

41  7 

4ft  ^ 

14  9 

1Q  A 

9^  ^ 

31.3 

.^7  ({ 

44  2 

^1  1 

ox.  X 

'^ft  ^ 
oo.o 

Q  ft 

t/.O 

15.2 

20.9 

9fi  Q 

33.1 

39.7 

46.6 

53.8 

fil  4 

4 

10  4 

Ifi  1 

X\),  X 

22.1 

9ft  4 

'^'^  0 

00,\} 

41  Q 

40  1 

ou.u 

fi4  4 

11  1 

17  1 

23.4 

^0  0 

36.9 

44.1 

51.6 

'^Q  4 

fi7 
U  4  .U 

^2 

11  7 

1ft  0 

24.5 

31.4 

38.7 

46.2 

54.0 

62.1 

70 

4  U.U 

43L 
*4 

12.3 

18.9 

25.8 

33.0 

40.5 

48.3 

56.5 

64.9 

7.^ 

4  O.U 

5 

19  Q 

19.8 

97  0 

34.5 

42.3 

50.5 

58.9 

fi7 

U  4  .U 

7fi  7 

4U.  4 

13.5 

20.7 

28.2 

*J\j%  X 

44.2 

52.6 

61.4 

70  4 

70  ft 

4  t/.O 

Sir 

14.1 

21.6 

29.5 

.^7  n 

46.0 

54.8 

63.8 

7.^  9 

4  O.Z/ 

82.8 

14  7 

22.6 

^0  7 

39.1 

47  Q 

66.3 

76.0 

ft^  Q 

OO.  t> 

15.3 

23.5 

^1  Q 

40  7 

4Q  7 

59.1 

68.7 

7ft  7 

40.  4 

ftft  ft 
oo.o 

16.0 

94  4 

33.1 

42.2 

51.5 

61.2 

71.2 

81.2 

92.0 

ifi 

25.3 

^  4 

4^  7 

53.4 

fi^  4 

7^  4 

4  O.rt 

84.2 

95.1 

17  9 

9^^  9 

O'J.O 

4*^  *^ 

9 

7fl  1 
<U.  X 

ft7  0 

O  4  .U 

Oft  9 

17  ft 

97  9 

ft 

4f^  ft 

'ifi  ft 

f^7  7 

7ft 

4  o.o 

ftQ  7 

0«/.  4 

101.2 

7i 

18.4 

28.1 

38.1 

48.1 

58.9 

69.8 

81.0 

92.5 

104.2 

7i 

19.0 

29.0 

39.1 

49.9 

60.7 

72.0 

83.5 

95.3 

107.4 

71 

19.6 

29.7 

40.5 

51.4 

62.6 

74.1 

85.9 

98.0 

110.5 

8 

20.0 

30.8 

41.7 

52.9 

64.4 

76.2 

88.4 

100.8 

113.5 

8i 

20.9 

31.7 

43.0 

54.5 

66.3 

78.4 

90.8 

103.5 

116.6 

8i 

21.7 

32.9 

44.4 

56.2 

68.3 

80.8 

93.5 

106.5 

119.9 

8f 

22.1 

33.6 

45.4 

57.5 

70.0 

82.7 

95.7 

109.1 

122.7 

9 

22.7 

34.5 

46.6 

59.1 

71.8 

84.8 

98.2 

111.8 

125.8 

9i 

23.3 

35.4 

47.9 

60.6 

73.6 

87.0 

100.6 

114.6 

128.9 

9i 

23.9 

36.4 

49.1 

62.1 

75.5 

89.1 

103.1 

117.4 

131.9 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  195 


CAST-IRON  -PIFES,-- Concluded. 


Bore. 

V 

1'' 

¥ 

r 

1' 

IF 

0 1 .0 

OKJ.O 

UO.  i 

Q1  ^ 

10*^ 

190  1 

1^^  0 

100. yj 

10 

25.2 

00. 

51.5 

65.2 

7Q  9 

93.4 

108.0 

122.8 

138.1 

25.8 

■^0  1 

52.8 

66.7 

fil  0 

95.6 

110.4 

125.6 

141  1 

10^^ 

26.4 

40  0 

54.0 

68.3 

89  f> 

112.9 

128.4 

144.2 

10^ 

27.0 

41.0 

55.2 

69.8 

84-  7 

99.9 

115.4 

131.2 

147.3 

l\ 

27.6 

41.9 

56.5 

71  R 

86.5 

102.0 

117.8 

133.9 

150.3 

114- 

28.2 

42.8 

57.7 

72.9 

88.4 

104.2 

120.3 

136.7 

153.4 

111 

-Li  2 

28.8 

43.7 

58.9 

74.4 

90.2 

106.3 

122.7 

139.4 

156.4 

J.J-4 

29.5 

44.6 

60.1 

75.9 

92.0 

108.5 

125.2 

142.2 

159.5 

12 

30.1 

45.6 

61.4 

77.5 

93.6 

110.6 

127.6 

145.0 

162.6 

13 

82.7 

101.2 

118.2 

137.4 

154.1 

17^  ^ 

14 

89.3 

108.2 

126.5 

146.2 

165.3 

185.2 

15 

95.2 

115.7 

135.3 

156.2 

176.2 

198.1 

16 

123.3 

143.1 

166.1 

187.5 

211.3 

17 

- 

- 

- 

- 

130.2 

152.5 

178.5 

198.2 

223.4 

1  Q 

lo 

loT.U 

161.2 

185.3 

209.1 

235.6 

19 

169.2 

195.7 

222.3 

247.1 

20 

178.1 

205.2 

233.2 

259.0 

21 

214.1 

243.5 

273.2 

22 

223.0 

254.8 

285.4 

23 

233.4 

265.5 

298.3 

24 

245.2 

277.5 

310.6 

Note. — The  first  column  is  the  bore  of  the  pipes,  ex- 
pressed in  inches  and  parts  of  an  inch ;  and  the  remaining 
columns  are  the  weights  of  the  pipes  under  the  different 
thicknesses  in  which  they  are  placed. 

N.  B.  — Two  flanges  are  generally  reckoned  equal  to  one 
foot  of  pipe. 

SIZE  OF  NAILS. 

The  following  table  will  show  the  length  of  the  various 
sizes  and  the  number  of  nails  in  a  pound.  They  are  rated 
"  3-penny  "  up  to    20-penny."    The  first  column  gives  the 


196     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


number,  the  second  the  length  in  inches,  and  the  third 
the  number  per  pound :  — 


Number. 

Length  in 
inches. 

No.  per 
pound. 

Number. 

Length  in 
inches. 

No.  per 
pound. 

3-penny  . 

1 

557 

12-penny  . 

2 

54 

4-penny  . 

li 

353 

20-penny  . 

3i 

34 

5-penny  . 

If 

232 

Spikes .  . 

4 

16 

6-penny  . 

2 

167 

Spikes .  . 

4i 

12 

7-penny  . 

2i 

141 

Spikes .  . 

5 

10 

8-penny  . 

101 

Spikes ,  . 

6 

7 

10-penny  . 

n 

68 

Spikes .  . 

7 

5 

TABLE  OF  THE  WEIGHT  OF  CAST-IROIST  BALLS 

In  pounds  avoirdupois,  from  1''  to  12''  diameter,  and  advancing  by 

an  eighth. 


Inch. 

Lbs.  and 
parts. 

Inch. 

Lbs.  and 
parts. 

Inch. 

Lbs.  and 
parts. 

Inch. 

Lbs.  and 
parts. 

Inch. 

Lbs.  and 
parts. 

.14 

8i 

4.72 

5i 

22.91 

71 

64.09 

10 

137.71 

li 

.20 

3i 

5.29 

5t 

24.51 

7i 

67.25 

lOi 

142.91 

li 

.27 

3i 

5.80 

5i 

26.18 

8 

70.49 

lOi 

148.28 

11 

.37 

31 

6.56 

51 

27.91 

8i 

73.85 

lOf 

153.78 

li 

.47 

31 

7.26 

6 

29.72 

8i 

77.32 

lOi 

159.40 

1* 

.59 

31 

8.01 

6i 

31.64 

81 

80.88 

lOf 

165.16 

1  3^ 

.74 

4 

8.81 

6i 

33.62 

8i 

84.56 

lOi 

171.05 

U 

.91 

4i 

9.67 

6i 

35.67 

81 

88.34 

lOJ 

177.10 

2 

1.10 

4i 

10.57 

6i 

37.80 

81 

92.24 

11 

183.29 

2i 

1.32 

41 

11.53 

61 

40.10 

8i 

96.26 

iii 

189.60 

2i 

1.57 

4i 

12.55 

61 

42.35 

9 

100.39 

Hi 

196.10 

2f 

1.84 

4f 

13.62 

6i 

44.74 

Oi 

104.62 

111 

202.67 

2i 

2.15 

4i 

14.76 

7 

47.21 

ei 

108.98 

Hi 

209.43 

21 

2.49 

41 

15.95 

n 

49.79 

9i 

113.46 

lit 

216.32 

21 

2.86 

5 

17.12 

52.47 

9i 

118.06 

111 

223.40 

2J 

3.27 

5i 

18.54 

55.23 

9t 

122.77 

111 

230.57 

3 

3.72 

5i 

19.93 

7i 

58.06 

91 

127.63 

12 

237.94 

3i 

4.20 

51 

21.39 

7« 

60.04 

91 

132.60 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE. 


197 


SQUARE  IRON. 


3  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

U.O 

U.O 

-1  1 
1.1 

1  Q 

1.6 

1  PC 

1.0 

1  *7 
1.7 

1  A 

I.y 

1  A 

1.4 

1  o 

i.y 

O  A 

Z.4 

O  A 

z.y 

Q  Q 
0.0 

0  Q 
0.0 

A  0 
4.0 

O  K 
Z.O 

O  A 

0.4 

4.Z 

PC  1 

0.1 

PC  A 

o.y 

a  0 
0.0 

»7  a 
7.0 

o.o 

O.O 

>7  A 

7.y 

A  0 

y.z 

1  A  ^? 

lU.o 

1  1  A 

11. y 

0.7 

•7  a 

7.D 

A  PC 

y.o 

11  A 

11.4 

1 0  o 
lo.o 

1  PC  0 

1  >7  1 

17.1 

T  C 

7.0 

ll;.4 

1  O  A 

iz.y 

1  PC  PC 

10.0 

1  Q  1 

lo.l 

OA  '7 

zU.7 

OQ  Q 
ZO.O 

10.1 

13.5 

16.9 

20.3 

23.7 

27.0 

30.4 

12.8 

17.1 

21.4 

25.7 

29.9 

34.2 

38.5 

lo.o 

zi.l 

ZD. 4: 

Qi 

61.  i 

Q*7  A 

0  i.y) 

/<o  0 

/f'7  PC 
47.0 

zo.o 

QO  A 

QQ  Q 
OO.O 

A  \  *1 
44.  ( 

PCI  1 
01.1 

PC*7  PC 

0  4.0 

OO  Q 

QA  /i 

oU.4 

QQ  A 
OO.U 

AK  CK 
40.0 

PCO  0 
Oo.Z 

AA  Q 
OU.O 

AQ  A 
00.4 

ZD.O 

OO.  ( 

AA  K 
44.0 

PiQ  A 
Oo.O 

AO  PC 
OZ.O 

II.4 

QA  Q 

oU.o 

ol.l 

41.4 

Ol.O 

AO  1 

\)Z.  1 

•70  PC 

QO  Q 

AO  0 

v6.Z 

oo.b 

4  <.0 

A 

oy.4 

•71  Q 

il.6 

QQ  0 
06.  Z 

QPC  1 

yo.i 

1  AA  A 

luo.y 

40.6 

54.1 

67.6 

81.1 

94.6 

108.2. 

121.7 

45.8 

61.1 

76.3 

91.6 

106.8 

122.1 

137.4 

Ol.O 

iiQ  A 

00.4 

oO.o 

1AO  '7 

1  1  A  Q 

iiy.o 

1  OA  A 

loo.y 

1  KA  A 

lo4.U 

0  i.z 

40. 0 

CkK  Q 

yo.o 

'it  A  A 
114.4 

1  QQ  PC 

loo.O 

1  Pio  PC 

lOZ.O 

1  "71  A 
1  4I.O 

iiO  A 

00.4 

O4.0 

1Af=w  A 
lUO.O 

1  OA  *7 
IZO.  I 

l"!  <.0 

1AQ  A 

loy.u 

1  AA  1 

lyu.i 

QQ  O 

llo.o 

1  QA  Q 

loy.o 

1AQ  A 
lOo.U 

1  QA  Q 
loO.o 

ono  A 

1  AO  O 

1  O^  Q 
iZ  4.0 

1  p;Q  /I 
IO0.4 

1 40. y 

OAzL  Pi 

9Qn  n 

QQ  Q 
OO.O 

lil.O 

1  OA  ^7 

loy.  4 

1  A^  A 
lO  1.0 

1  QPC  '7 

lyo.  i 

OOQ  PC 
ZZ6.0 

9Pii  Pi 

ZOl.O 

91.2 

121.7 

152.1 

182.5 

212.9 

243.3 

273.7 

99.0 

132.0 

165.1 

198.1 

231.1 

264.1 

297.1 

1  4O.0 

01/1  0 

OztQ  Q 
Z^V.\) 

OQPi  A 

Q91  Q 

110. D 

1  l^A  A 

104. U 

1  OO  K 

lyz.o 

OQ1  A 
Zol.U 

9AQ  Pi 

zoy.o 

QHQ  A 
oUo.U 

QJ.A  Pi 

04:0.0 

1Z4.Z 

1  AFC 

OA'7  A 

OydQ  /I 

z4o.4 

OQQ  Q 

QQ1  Q 
ool.o 

Q*79  *1 
0  iZ.  4 

1  OO  o 

166.6 

177.7 

OOO  1 

ZZZ.I 

OAA  PC 
ZOO.O 

Q1  A  A 

oiu.y 

QPiPC  Q 
OOO.O 

QQQ  Q 

oyy.o 

14z.o 

1  OA  1 

lyu.  1 

OQiT  T 

QQPC  0 

ooO.Z 

QQO  '7 
66Z.  i 

QQA  Q 
oOU.O 

■iZ  4.0 

152.3 

203.0 

253.8 

304.5 

355.3 

406.0 

456.8 

162.3 

216.3 

270.4 

324.5 

378.6 

432.7 

486.8 

172.6 

230.1 

287.6 

345.1 

402.6 

460.1 

517.7 

183.2 

244.2 

305.3 

366.3 

427.4 

488.4 

549.5 

194.1 

258.8 

323.5 

388.2 

452.9 

517.6 

582.3 

205.3 

273.8 

342.2 

410.7 

479.1 

547.6 

616.0 

216.9 

289.2 

361.5 

433.8 

506.1 

578.4 

650.7 

Size. 


1ft. 


Inch, 
i 


If 

H 
If  • 
If 


2 

2J 
2i 
2| 
2i 
2t 
2f 
2J 


3J 
3i 


3J 


4J 
4i 


4i 
41 


lbs. 
0.2 
0.5 
0.8 
1.3 
1.9 
2.6 

3.4 
4.3 
5.3 
6.4 
7.6 
8.9 
10.4 
11.9 

13.5 
15.3 
17.1 
19.1 
21.1 
23.3 
25.6 
27.9 


30.4 
33.0 
35.7 
38.5 
41.4 
44.4 
47.5 
50.8  101 


54.1 
57.5 
61.1 
64.7 


2  ft. 


lbs. 
0.4 
1.0 
1.7 
2.6 
3.8 
5.2 

6.8 
8.6 
10.6 
12.8 
15.2 
17.9 
20.7 
23.8 

27.0 
30.5 
34.2 
38.1 
42.2 
46.6 
51.1 
55.9 


60.8 
66.0 
71.4 
77.0 
82.8 


95.1 

5 


108.2 
115.0 
122.1 
129.4 


68.4  136.9 
72.3  144.6 


198     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


SQUARE  IRON,  —  Concluded, 


Size. 


Inch. 

4| 
4| 

5 

5f 

H 
H 

6 

6i 
6| 

7 
7i 

Vi 
71 

8 

8i 


9 

H 

9f 
10 
lOi 
lOi 
lOf 

11 

Hi 
iH 
Hi 

12 


ift. 


lbs, 

76.3 

80.3 

84.5 
88.8 
93.2 
97.7 
102.2 
107.0 
111.8 
116.7 

121.7 
132.0 
142.8 
154.0 

165.6 
177.7 
190.1 
203.0 

216.3 
230.1 
244.2 
258.8 

273.8 
289.2 
305.1 
321.3 

337.9 
355.1 
372.7 
390.6 

409.0 
427.8 
447.0 
466.7 

486.7 


2  ft. 


lbs. 

152.5 
160.7 

169.0 
177.6 
186.3 
195.3 
204.5 
213.5 
223.5 
233.3 

243.3 
264.1 
285.6 
308.0 

331.2 
355.3 
380.3 
406.0 

432.7 
460.1 
488.4 
517.6 

547.6 
578.4: 
610.1 
642.7 

675.8 
710.3 
745.3 
781.3 

817.9 
855.6 
894.0 
933.4 

973.3 


3  ft. 


lbs. 
228.8 
241.0 

253.4 
266.4 
279.5 
293.0 
306.7 
320.9 
335.3 
350.0 

365.0 
396.1 
428.4 
462.0 

496.9 
533.0 
570.4 
609.1 

649.0 
690.2 
732.7 
776.4 

821.4 
867.7 
915.2 
964.0 

1013.8 
1065.4 
1118.0 
1171.9 

1226.9 
1283.4 
1341.1 
1400.1 

1460.0 


4  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

305.1 

381.3 

457.6 

533.8 

610.1 

686.4 

321.3 

401.7 

482.0 

562.3 

642.7 

723.0 

337.9 

422.4 

506.9 

591.4 

675.8 

760.3 

355.1 

443.9 

532.7 

621.5 

710.3 

799.1 

372.7 

465.8 

559.0 

652.2 

745.3 

838.5 

390.6 

488.3 

585.9 

683.6 

781.3 

878.9 

409.0 

511.2 

613.4 

715.7 

817.9 

920.2 

4Z  <  .o 

PiQj.  ft 

041.  i 

^Aft  *7 

OOO.D 

QA9  A 

447.0 

558.8 

670.5 

783.2 

894.0 

1005.8 

466.7 

583.4 

700.0 

816.7 

933.4 

1050.0 

486.7 

608.3 

730.0 

841.6 

973.3 

1095.0 

DDU.Z 

Q9J^  Q 
i?Z4.o 

lUOO.O 

1  iftft  A 

1100.4 

571.3 

714.1 

856.9 

999.7 

1142.5 

1285.3 

616.0 

770.1 

924.1 

1078.1 

1232.1 

1386.1 

662.5 

828.2 

993.8 

1159.4 

1325.1 

1490.7 

i  iU.  4 

iUDD.U 

1491  A 

1  ^QQ  0 

760.5 

950.7 

1140.8 

1331.0 

1521.1 

1711.2 

812.1 

1015.1 

1218.1 

1421.2 

1624.2 

1827.2 

865.3 

1081.7 

1298.0 

1514.4 

1730.7 

1947.0 

IIOU.O 

1  QftA  A 

IDIU.O 

IftJ-O  ^ 

9070  A 
i  yj.yj 

976.9 

1221.1 

1465.3 

1709.5 

1953.8 

2198.0 

1035.2 

1294.0 

1552.8 

1811.6 

2070.4 

2329.2 

1095.2 

1369.0 

1642.8 

1916.5 

2190.3 

2464.1 

1100. y 

1 joO.o 

ZUZ4.0 

9*^1  ^  ft 

1220.2 

1525.3 

1830.3 

2135.4 

2440.4 

2745.5 

1285.3 

1606.7 

1928.0 

2249.3 

2570.7 

2892.3 

1351.7 

1689.6 

2027.5 

2315.4 

2703.4 

3041.0 

1  i  io.  i 

91  QA  ft 

9ziftA  n 

9ft  J.  1  1 

^IQA  9 

1490.7 

1863.4 

2236.0 

2608.7 

2981.4 

3354.0 

1562.5 

1953.1 

r»0  AO  O 

2^43.8 

27o4.4 

olZo.yj 

oolo. ( 

1635.8 

2044.8 

2453.8 

2862.7 

3271.7 

3680.6 

1711.2 

2139.1 

2566.9 

2994.7 

3422.5 

3850.3 

1788.1 

2235.1 

2682.1 

3129.2 

3576.2 

4023.2 

1866.7 

2333.4 

2800.1 

3266.8 

3733.5 

4200.2 

1946.6 

2433.3 

2919.9 

3406.6 

3893.2 

4379.9 

PRACTICAL 


TABLES  FOR  GENERAL 


USE. 


199 


ROUND  IRON. 


Size. 

1  ft. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

0  It. 

D  It. 

7  It. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

Inch. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1 

4 

0.2 

0.3 

0.5 

0.7 

0.8 

1.0 

1.2 

1.3 

1.5 

a 

8 

0.4 

0.7 

1.1 

1.5 

1.9 

2.2 

2.6 

3.0 

3.4 

i 

0.7 

1.3 

2.0 

2.7 

3.3 

4.0 

4.6 

5.3 

6.0 

5. 

8 

1.0 

2.1 

3.1 

4.2 

5.2 

6.3 

7.3 

8.3 

9.4 

1 

1.5 

3.0 

4.5 

6.0 

7.5 

9,0 

10.5 

11.9 

13.4 

.1 
8 

2.0 

4.1 

6.1 

8.1 

10.2 

12.2 

14.2 

16.3 

18.3 

1 

2.7 

5.3 

8.0 

10.6 

13.3 

15.9 

18.6 

21.2 

23.9 

li 

3.4 

6.7 

10.1 

13.4 

16.8 

20.2 

23.5 

26.9 

30.2 

li 

4.2 

8.3 

12.5 

16.7 

20.9 

25.0 

29.2 

33.4 

37.5 

11 

5.0 

10.0 

15.1 

20.1 

25.1 

30.1 

35.1 

40.2 

45.2 

H 

6.0 

11.9 

17.9 

23.9 

29.9 

35.8 

41.8 

47.8 

53.7 

If 

7.0 

14.0 

21.0 

28.0 

35.1 

42.1 

49.1 

56.1 

63.1 

If 

8.1 

16.3 

24.4 

32.5 

40.6 

48.8 

56.9 

65.0 

73.2 

n 

9.3 

18.7 

28.0 

37.3 

46.7 

56.0 

65.3 

74.7 

84.0 

2 

10.6 

21.2 

31.8 

42.5 

53.1 

63.7 

74.3 

84.9 

95.5 

2i' 

12.0 

24.0 

36.0 

48.0 

59.9 

71.9 

83.9 

95.9 

107.9 

2i 

13.5 

26.9 

40.3 

53.8 

67.2 

80.6 

94.1 

107.5 

121.0 

2f 

15.0 

30.0 

44.9 

60.0 

74.9 

89.9 

104.8 

119.8 

134.8 

2i 

16.7 

33.4 

50.1 

66.8 

83.4 

100.1 

116.8 

133.5 

150.2 

2f 

18.8 

36.6 

54.9 

73.2 

91.5 

109.8 

128.1 

146.3 

164.6 

2f 

20.1 

40.2 

60.2 

80.3 

100.4 

120.5 

140.5 

160.6 

180.7 

21- 

21.9 

43.9 

65.8 

87.8 

109.7 

131.7 

153.6 

175.6 

197.5 

3 

23.9 

47.8 

71.7 

95.6 

119.4 

143.3 

167.2 

191.1 

215.0 

Si 

25.9 

51.9 

77.8 

103.7 

129.6 

155.6 

181.5 

207.4 

233.3 

3i 

28.0 

56.1 

84.1 

112.2 

140.2 

168.2 

196.3 

224.3 

253.4 

31 

30.2 

60.5 

90.7 

121.0 

151,2 

181,4 

211.7 

241.9 

272.2 

3i 

32.5 

65.0 

97.5 

130.0 

162.6 

195.1 

227.6 

260.1 

292.6 

3t 

34,9 

69.8 

104,7 

139,5 

174.4 

209.3 

244.2 

279.1 

314.0 

3i 

37.3 

74.7 

112,0 

149.3 

186.7 

224.0 

261.3 

298.7 

336.0 

31 

39.9 

79,7 

119,6 

159,5 

199,3 

239.2 

279.0 

318.9 

358.8 

4 

42.5 

84,9 

127.4 

169.9 

212.3 

254.8 

297.2 

339.7 

382.2 

4i 

45.2 

90.3 

135.5 

180.7 

225.9 

271.0 

316.2 

361.4 

406.6 

4i 

48.0 

95.9 

143.9 

191.8 

239.8 

287.7 

335.7 

383.6 

431.0 

41 

50.8 

101.6 

152.4 

203.3 

254.1 

304.9 

355.7 

406.5 

457.3 

4i 

53.8 

107.5 

161.3 

215.0 

268.8 

322,6 

376.3 

430.1 

483.8 

4f 

56.8 

113.6 

170.4 

227.2 

283.9 

340.7 

397.5 

454.3 

511.1 

200     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


ROUND  IRON,  —  Concluded. 


Size. 

ift. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

Inch. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

4i 

60.0 

119.8 

179.7 

239.6 

299.5 

359.4 

419.3 

479.2 

539.1 

41- 

63.1 

126.2 

189.3 

252.4 

315.5 

378.6 

441.7 

504.8 

567.8 

5 

66.8 

133.5 

200.3 

267.0 

333.8 

400.5 

467.3 

534.0 

600.8 

5i 

69.7 

139.5 

209.2 

278.9 

348.7 

418.4 

488.1 

557.8 

627.8 

5i 

73.2 

146.3 

219.5 

292.7 

365.9 

439.0 

512.2 

585.4 

658.5 

5f 

76.7 

153.4 

230.1 

306.8 

383.5 

460.2 

536.9 

613.6 

690.3 

5i 

80.3160.6 

240.9 

321.2 

401.5 

481.8 

562.1 

642.4 

722.7 

84.0 

168.0 

000. U 

/I  OA  A 

0U4.4 

PCQQ  A 

ATO  A 

>7Ki^  A 

<oo.U 

87.8 

175.6 

263.3 

351.1 

438.9 

526.7 

614.4 

702.2 

790.0 

91.6 

183.3 

274.9 

366.5 

458.2 

549.8 

641.4 

733.1 

824.7 

6 

95.6 

191.1 

286.7 

382.2 

477.8 

573.3 

668.9 

764.4 

860.0 

103.7 

207.4 

oii.l 

414. 0 

K-i  Q  PC 

oio.o 

•topc  a 
1Z0.\) 

OOA  A 

A90  0 

112.2 

224.3 

336.5 

448.6 

560.8 

673.0 

785.1 

897.3 

1009.4 

61 

121.0 

241.9 

362.9 

483.8 

604.8 

725.8 

846.7 

967.6 

1088.6 

7 

130.0 

260.1 

390.1 

520.2 

650.2 

780.3 

910.3 

1040.4 

1170.4 

139.5 

279.1 

4iO.D 

OOo.Z 

o\j  (.  i 

QQT  Q 
00  i.o 

y  40.0 

lliO.4 

1  OKK  A 
IZOD.V 

149.3 

298.7 

448.0 

597.3 

741.6 

896.0 

1045.3 

1194.6 

1344.0 

•  4 

159.5 

318.9 

478.4 

637.8 

797.3 

956.7 

1116.2 

1275.6 

1435.1 

8 

169.9 

339.7 

509.6 

679.4 

849.3 

1019.1 

1189.0 

1358.8 

1528.7 

c  1 
04 

ISO  7 

04Z.1 

•700  Q 

AAO  P. 

1  f\QA  0 

lUo4.  J 

1  OA/1  A 

1440. 0 

1  fioa  0 

iDZO.O 

Si 

191.8 

383.6 

595.4 

767.2 

959.0 

1150.8 

1342.6 

1534.5 

1726.3 

"^4 

203.3 

406.5 

609.8 

813.0 

1016.3 

1219.6 

1422.8 

1626.1 

1829.3 

9 

215.0 

430.1 

645.1 

860.2 

1075.2 

1290.2 

1505.3 

1720.3 

1935.4 

^4 

227.2 

454.3 

ool.o 

yuo.o 

1  1  OK  Q 

lloo.o 

ioyu.  1 

loi  i.Z 

ZU44.4 

239.6 

479.2 

718.8 

958.4 

1198.0 

1437.6 

1677.2 

1916.8 

2156.4 

91 

252.4 

505.8 

757.1 

K)09.5 

1261.9 

1514,3 

1766.6 

2019.0 

2291.4 

10 

266.3 

532.6 

798.9 

1065.2 

1331.4 

1597.7 

1864.0 

2130.3 

2396.6 

1 

IO4 

278.9 

557.8 

000.  b 

1115.7 

1  Of\A  fi 

loTo.o 

1  AF^O  K 

OOQI  A 

OPil  A  Q 

lOi 

292.7 

585.4 

878.1 

1170.8 

1463.4 

1756.1 

2048.8 

2341.5 

2634.2 

lOi 

306.8 

603.6 

920.4 

1227.2 

1534.0 

1840.8 

2147.6 

2454.4 

2761.2 

11 

321.2 

642.4 

963.6 

1284.9 

1606.1 

1927.3 

2248.5 

2569.7 

2890.9 

336.0 

672.0 

1008.0 

1344.0 

1680.0 

2016.0 

2352.0 

2688.0 

3024.0 

iH 

351.1 

702.2 

1053.3 

1404.4 

1755.5 

2106.6 

2457.7 

2808.8 

3159.9 

Hi 

366.5 

733.1 

1099.6 

1466.1 

1832.7 

2199.2 

2565.8 

2932.3 

3298.8 

12 

382.2 

764.4 

1146.6 

1528.8 

1911.0 

2293.2 

2675.5 

3057.7 

3439.3 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE. 


201 


FLAT  IRON. 


Wid. 

ift. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

eft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

Inch. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1 

0.8 

1.7 

2.5 

3.4 

4.2 

5.1 

5.9 

6.8 

7.6 

^4 

1.1 

9  1 
1 

Q  9 

A  9 

O.O 

D.O 

7  A 

ft  A 

v.o 

1.3 

2.5 

3.8 

5.1 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10.1 

11.4 

If 

1.5 

3.0 

4.4 

5.9 

7.4 

8.9 

10.4 

11.8 

13.3 

2 

1.7 

3.4 

5.1 

6.8 

8.5 

10.1 

11.8 

13.5 

15.2 

9X 

1  0 

Q  ft 

O.O 

O.  i 

l.D 

Q 

y.o 

11/1 

11.4: 

1  Q  Q 
lo.o 

1  9 

17  1 
1  <.l 

2.1 

4.2 

6.3 

8.4 

10.6 

12.7 

14.8 

16.9 

19.0 

2f 

2.3 

4.6 

7.0 

9.3 

11.6 

13.9 

16.3 

18.6 

20.9 

3 

2.5 

5.1 

7.6 

10.1 

12.7 

15.2 

17.7 

20.3 

22.8 

6t 

O.O 

ft  9 

11. u 

lo.  i 

i<^  Pi 

ID.O 

1  Q  9 

99  n 

OA  *7 

H 

3.0 

5.9 

8.9 

11.8 

14.8 

17.7 

20.7 

23.7 

26.6 

3f 

3.2 

6.3 

9.5 

12.7 

15.8 

19.0 

22.2 

25.4 

28.5 

4 

3.4 

6.8 

10.1 

13.5 

16.9 

20.3 

23.7 

27.0 

30.4 

AX 

O.O 

1  9 

in  ft 

1ft  n 

91 

9^^  1 

9ft  *7 

Q9  Q 

3.8 

7.6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.0 

22.8 

26.6 

30.4 

34.2 

4f 

4.0 

8.0 

12.0 

16.1 

20.1 

24.1 

28.1 

32.1 

36.1 

5 

4.2 

8.4 

12.7 

16.9 

21.1 

25.3 

29.6 

33.8 

38.0 

4.4 

8.9 

13.3 

17.7 

22.2 

26.6 

31.1 

35.5 

39.9 

5i 

4.6 

9.3 

13.9 

18.6 

23.2 

27.9 

32.5 

37.2 

41.8 

5f 

4.9 

9.7 

14.6 

19.4 

24.3 

29.2 

34.0 

38.9 

43.7 

6 

5.4 

10.1 

15.2 

20.3 

25.3 

30.4 

35.5 

40.6 

45.6 

1 

1.3 

2.5 

3.8 

5.1 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10.1 

11.4 

-It 

l.D 

^  9 

A  ft 

D.O 

1  0 

i.y 

u.O 

111 
11.1 

1  9  "7 
IZ.  i 

-\A  Q 

14.0 

H 

1.9 

3.8 

5.7 

7.6 

9.5 

11.4 

13.3 

15.2 

17.1 

If 

2.2 

4.4 

6.7 

8.9 

11.1 

13.3 

15.5 

17.7 

20.0 

2 

2.5 

5.1 

7.6 

10.1 

12.7 

15.2 

17.7 

20.3 

22.8 

2i 

2.9 

5.7 

8.3 

11.4 

14.3 

17.1 

20.0 

22.8 

25.7 

2i 

3.2 

6.3 

9.5 

12.7 

15.8 

19.0 

22.2 

25.4 

28.5 

2f 

3.5 

7.0 

10.5 

13.9 

17.4 

20.9 

24.4 

27.9 

31.4 

3 

3.8 

7.6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.0 

22.8 

26.6 

30.4 

34.2 

3i 

4.1 

8.2 

12.4 

16.5 

20.6 

24.7 

28.8 

33.0 

37.1 

3i 

4.4 

8.9 

13.3 

17.7 

22.2 

26.6 

31.1 

35.5 

39.9 

3f 

4.8 

9.5 

14.3 

19.0 

23.8 

28.5 

33.3 

38.0 

42.8 

Th'k. 
Inch. 

i 
i 
i 
i 

i 
i 
i 
i 

i 
i 
i 
i 

1 
4 

i 
i 
i 

i 
i 
i 
i 


202     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


FLAT  IRON,  —  Continued. 


Th'k. 


Inch. 


Wid. 

1  ft. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

Inch. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Jbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

4 

5.1 

10.1 

15.2 

20.3 

*25.3 

30.4 

35,5 

40.6 

45.6 

44- 

5.4 

10*8 

Ifi  1 

21.5 

26.9 

32.3 

^7  7 

4^  1 

4ft  ^ 
40.0 

5.7 

11.4 

17.1 

22.8 

28.5 

34.2 

39.9 

45.6 

51.3 

4f 

6.0 

12.0 

18.1 

24.1 

30.1 

36.1 

42.1 

48.2 

54.2 

5 

6.3 

12.7 

19.0 

25.3 

31.7 

38.0 

44.4 

50.7 

57.0 

5i 

6.7 

13.3 

20.0 

26.6 

33.3 

39.9 

46.6 

53.2 

59.9 

5i 

7.0 

13.9 

20.9 

27.9 

34.9 

41.8 

48.8 

55.8 

62.7 

5f 

7.3 

14.6 

21.9 

29.2 

36.4 

43.7 

51.0 

58.3 

65.7 

6 

7.6 

15.2 

22.8 

30.4 

38.0 

45.6 

53.2 

60.8 

68.4 

1 

1.7 

3.4 

5.1 

6.8 

8.5 

10.1 

11.8 

13.5 

15.2 

11 

2.1 

4  9 

u.o 

ft  4 

10  (K 

19  7 

14  ft 

Ifi  Q 

-LU.  V 

iQ  n 

H 

2.5 

5.1 

7.6 

10.1 

12.7 

15.2 

17.7 

20.3 

22.8 

If 

3.0 

5.9 

8.9 

11.8 

14.8 

17.7 

20.7 

23.7 

26.6 

2 

3.4 

6.8 

10.1 

13.5 

16.9 

20.3 

23.7 

27.0 

30.4 

3.8 

11  4 

1"^  9 

1Q  0 

22.8 

26.6 

30.4 

34.2 

4.2 

8.4 

12.7 

16.9 

21.1 

25.3 

29.6 

33.8 

38.0 

2| 

4.6 

9.3 

13.9 

18.6 

23.2 

27.9 

32.5 

37.2 

41.8 

3 

5.1 

10.1 

15.2 

20.3 

25.3 

30.4 

35.5 

40.6 

45.6 

04 

5.5 

11  0 

±  J..  V/ 

1P» 

99  n 

97  ^ 

^9  Q 

38.4 

43.9 

4Q  4 

3i 

5.9 

11.8 

17.7 

23.7 

29.6 

35.5 

41.4 

47.3 

53.2 

3f 

6.3 

12.7 

19.0 

25.3 

31.7 

38.0 

44.4 

50.7 

57.0 

4 

6.8 

13.5 

20.3 

27.0 

33.8 

40.6 

47.3 

54.1 

60.8 

44- 

14.4 

91  ^ 

9ft  7 

00,  V 

4^  1 

4:0.  i 

50.3 

'">7  4 

fi4  (\ 

44 

7.6 

15.2 

22.8 

30.4 

38.0 

45.6 

53.2 

60.8 

68.4 

4i 

8.0 

16.1 

24.1 

32.1 

40.1 

48.2 

56.2 

64.2 

72.2 

5 

8.4 

1*6.9 

25.3 

33.8 

42.2 

50.7 

59.1 

67.6 

76.0 

ot 

Q  Q 

1  <.  i 

OCX  CK 
ZD.O 

OK  K 

oO.O 

AAA 

44.4 

•71  A 

5i 

9.3 

18.6 

27.9 

37.2 

46.5 

55.8 

65.1 

74.4 

83.7 

5f 

9.7 

19.4 

29.2 

38.9 

48.6 

58.3 

68.0 

77.7 

87.5 

6 

10.1 

20.3 

30.4 

40.6 

50.7 

60.8 

70.9 

81.1 

91.2 

1 

2.1 

4.2 

6.3 

8.4 

10.6 

12.7 

14.8 

16.9 

19.0 

li 

2.6 

5.3 

7.9 

10.6 

13.2 

15.8 

18.5 

21.1 

23.8 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOK  GENERAL  US 


FLAT  IRO^,  —  Continued, 


Th'k. 

Wid. 

1ft. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

4 

e 

3.2 

6.3 

9.5 

12.7 

15.8 

19.0 

22.2 

25.4 

28.5 

f 

If 

3.7 

7.4 

11.1 

14.8 

18.5 

22.2 

25.9 

29.6 

33.3 

f 

2 

4.2 

8.4 

12.7 

16.9 

2L1 

25.3 

29.9 

33.8 

38.0 

6 
8 

2t 

A  Q 

y.o 

14.t> 

1  o  n 

ly.u 

OO  Q 
ZO.O 

OQ  K 

OO  o 

oo.o 

OQ  A 

42.8 

2J 

5.3 

10.6 

15.8 

21.1 

26.4 

31.7 

37.0 

42.2 

47.5 

J 
o 

2f 

5.8 

1L6 

17.4 

23.2 

29.0 

34.8 

40.7 

46.5 

52.3 

S 

3 

6.3 

12.7 

19.0 

25.3 

31.7 

38.0 

44.4 

50.7 

57.6 

5 
t 

QJL 

ot 

D.y 

lo.7 

OA 

OT  K 
Zl.D 

OA  Q 

/11  o 
41. Z 

AQ  1 

4o.l 

f^A  A 

04.  y 

/31  Q 

3i 

7.4 

14.8 

22.2 

29.6 

37.0 

44.4 

51.8 

59.2 

66.5 

f 

3f 

7.9 

15.8 

23.8 

31.7 

39.6 

47.5 

55.5 

63.4 

71.3 

f 

4 

8.4 

16.9 

25.3 

33.8 

42.2 

50.7 

59.1 

67.6 

76.0 

s 

4t 

y.u 

lo.U 

oo.y 

AA  Ck 

44.  y 

oo.y 

DZ.y 

'71  Q 
il.O 

QA  Q 

i 

4i 

9.5 

19.0 

28.5 

38.0 

47.5 

57.0 

66.5 

76.1 

85.6 

t 

4f 

10.0 

20.1 

30.1 

40.1 

50.2 

60.2 

70.2 

80.3 

90.3 

o 

5 

10.6 

21.1 

31.7 

42.3 

52.8 

63.4 

73.9 

84.5 

95.1 

o 

5i 

11.1 

22.2 

33.3 

44.4 

55.5 

66.5 

77.6 

88.7 

99.8 

i 

5i 

11.6 

23.2 

34.9 

46.5 

58.1 

69.7 

81.3 

92.9 

104.6 

f 

5i 

12.1 

24.3 

36.4 

48.5 

60.7 

72.9 

85.0 

97.2 

109.3 

o 

6 

12.7 

25.3 

38.0 

50.7 

63.4 

76.0 

88.7 

101.4 

114.1 

4 

1 

2.5 

5.1 

7.6 

10.1 

12.7 

15.2 

17.7 

20.3 

22.8 

ft 
f 

It 

D.O 

y.o 

1  o  ^ 

lz.7 

1  PC  Q 

ly.u 

OO  o 

OK  A 

JO.  4 

OQ  K 

f 

li 

3.8 

7.6 

11.4 

15.2 

19.0 

22.8 

26.6 

30.4 

34.2 

f 

If 

4.4 

8.0 

13.3 

17.7 

22.2 

26.6 

31.1 

35.5 

39.9 

f 

2 

5.1 

10.1 

15.2 

20.3 

25.3 

30.4 

35.5 

40.6 

45.6 

t 

0.7 

11/1 
11.4 

1  T  1 

17.1 

OO  Q 

OQ  K 

zo.o 

OA  O 

OO  o 

oy.y 

AK  £\ 

40.0 

KA  O 
01. 0 

f 

6.3 

12.7 

19.0 

25.3 

31.7 

38.0 

44.4 

50.7 

57.0 

4 

2-§- 

7.0 

13.9 

20.9 

27.9 

34.9 

41.8 

48.8 

55.8 

62.7 

4 

3 

7.6 

15.2 

22.8 

30.4 

38.0 

45.6 

53.2 

60.9 

68.4 

1 

3i 

8.2 

16.5 

24.7 

33.0 

41.2 

49.4 

57.7 

65.9 

74.2 

f 

3i 

8.9 

17.7 

26.6 

35.5 

44.4 

53.2 

62.1 

71.0 

79.9 

f 

31 

9.5 

19.0 

28.5 

38.0 

47.5 

57.0 

66.5 

76.1 

85.6 

f 

4 

10.1 

20.3 

30.4 

40.6 

50.7 

68.0 

70.9 

81.1 

91.2 

204     MODER^T  MOULDmG  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING.  • 


FLAT  mO^,  — Concluded. 


Th'k. 

Wid. 

ift. 

2  ft. 

3  ft. 

4  ft. 

5  ft. 

6  ft. 

7  ft. 

8  ft. 

9  ft. 

Inch. 

Inch. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

8 

AX 

1A  ft 

rrO.  1 

Oo.v 

A 

9 

V  i.yj 

f 

H 

11.4 

22.8 

34.2 

45.6 

57.0 

68.4 

79.9 

91.3 

102.7 

i 

4f 

12.0 

24.1 

36.1 

48.2 

60.2 

72.2 

84.3 

96.3 

108.4 

i 

5 

12.7 

25.3 

38.0 

50.7 

63.4 

76.0 

88.7 

101.4 

114.0 

1 

5i 

13.3 

26.6 

39.9 

53.2 

66.5 

79.8 

93.1 

106.5 

119.8 

f 

5| 

13.9 

27.9 

41.8 

55.8 

69.7 

83.7 

97.6 

111.5 

125.5 

i 

5f 

14.6 

29.1 

43.7 

58.3 

72.9 

87.4 

102.0 

116.6 

131.2 

6 

15.2 

30.4 

45.6 

60.8 

76.0 

91.2 

106.5 

121.7 

136.9 

n 

5.1 

10.1 

15.2 

20.3 

25.3 

30.4 

35.5 

40.6 

45.6 

2 

6.8 

13.5 

20.3 

27.0 

33.8 

40.6 

47.8 

54.1 

60.8 

3 

10.1 

20.3 

30.4 

40.6 

50.7 

60.8 

70.9 

81.1 

91.2 

4 

13.5 

27.0 

40.6 

54.1 

67.6 

81.1 

94.6 

108.1 

121.7 

5 

16.9 

33.8 

50.7 

67.6 

84.5 

101.4 

118.3 

135.2 

152.1 

6 

20.3 

40.6 

60.8 

81.1 

101.4 

121.7 

141.9 

162.2 

182.5 

The  following  table  shows  the  weight  of  a  square  foot  of 
different  metal  plates  of  thicknesses  from  to  V\  advan- 
cing by  yV'- 

METAL  PLATES. 


leths. 

Wrought 
Iron. 

Cast 
Iron. 

Cast 
Copper. 

Cast 
Brass. 

Cast 
Lead. 

Cast 
Zinc. 

Cast 
Tin. 

Cast 
Silver. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

1 

2.5 

2.3 

2.9 

2.7 

3.7 

2.3 

2.4 

3.4 

2 

5.1 

4.7 

5.7 

5.5 

7.4 

4.7 

4.7 

6.8 

3 

7.6 

7.0 

8.6 

8.2 

11.1 

7.0 

7.1 

10.2 

4 

10.1 

9.4 

11.4 

11.0 

14.8 

9.4 

9.5 

13.6 

5 

12.7 

11.7 

14.3 

13.7 

18.5 

11.7 

11.9 

17.0 

6 

15.2 

14.0 

17.2 

16.4' 

22.2 

14.0 

14.2 

20.5 

7 

17.9 

16.4 

20.0 

19.2 

25.9 

16.4 

16.6 

23.9 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  205 


METAL  PLATES,  —  Concluded, 


16ths. 

Wrought 

Cast 

Cast 

Cast 

Cast 

Cast 

Cast 

Cast 

Iron. 

Iron. 

Copper. 

Hrass. 

Lead. 

Zinc. 

Tin. 

Silver. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

Q 

o 

OA  O 

lo.  i 

9 

22.8 

21.1 

25.7 

24.6 

33.2 

21.1 

2L4 

30.7 

10 

25.4 

23.5 

28.6 

27.4 

36.9 

23.4 

23.7 

34.1 

11 

27.9 

25.8 

31.4 

30.1 

40.6 

25.7 

26.1 

37.5 

12 

30.4 

28.1 

34.3 

32.9 

44.3 

28.1 

28.5 

40.9 

13 

32.9 

30.5 

37.2 

35.6 

48.0 

30.4 

30.9 

44.3 

14 

35.5 

32.9 

40.0 

38.3 

5L7 

32.8 

33.2 

47.7 

15 

38.0 

35.2 

42.9 

41.2 

55.4 

35.1 

35.6 

51.1 

16 

40.6 

37.6 

45.8 

43.9 

59.1 

37.5 

38.0 

54.6 

WEIGHT  OF  SOLID  CYLINDERS  OF  CAST-IRON, 
12''  long,  in  pounds  avoirdupois. 


Diam. 

Weight  in 

Diam. 

Weight  in 

Diam. 

Weight  in 

Diam. 

Weight  in 

Inches. 

pounds. 

Inches. 

pounds. 

Inches. 

pounds. 

Inches. 

pounds. 

f 

1.394 

24 

15.492 

44 

50.193 

8 

158.638 

I 

1.897 

2f 

17.080 

41 

55.926 

8i 

179.087 

1 

2.478 

2J 

18.745 

5 

61.968 

9 

200.774 

li 

3.137 

21 

20.488 

5i 

68.319 

9i 

223.704 

li 

3.873 

3 

22.308 

54 

74.981 

10 

247.872 

If 

4.686 

3i 

24.206 

51 

81.952 

273.278 

li 

5.577 

3i 

26.181 

6 

89.234 

11 

299.925 

If 

•  6.545 

31 

28.234 

6i 

96.825 

Hi 

327.811 

li 

7.591 

3i 

30.364 

64 

104.726 

12 

356.935 

li 

8.714 

3f 

32.572 

6i 

112.936 

13 

418.903 

2 

9.915 

3i 

34.857 

7 

121.457 

14 

485.830 

2i 

11.193 

31 

37.219 

7i 

130.287 

15 

557.712 

2i 

12.548 

4 

39.660 

74 

139.428 

16 

634.552 

2.f 

13.981 

4i 

44.771 

7f 

148.878 

Cubic  inches  of  cast-iron  multiplied  by  .263  =  pounds 
avoirdupois.  Circular  inches  of  cast-iron  multiplied  by 
.2065  =  pounds  avoirdupois. 


206     MOBEEN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


A  TABLE  CONTAINING  THE  CIRCUMFERENCES  AND 
AREAS  OF  CIRCLES, 


From  1  to  50  ft.,  advancing  by  an  inch;  also  the  side  of  a  square  of 
equal  area,  and  the  contents  of  each  in  imperial  gallons  and  cubic 
yards,  at  1  ft.  in  depth. 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

r 

3'  If" 

.7854 

loi" 

4.8946 

.0291 

1" 

3'  41" 

.9217 

Hi" 

5.7440 

.0341 

3'  8" 

1.0690 

-if       3  // 

8 

6.6620 

.0395 

S" 

3'  11" 

1.2271 

1'  IV 

7.6472 

.0454 

¥ 

4'  2^" 

1.3962 

r  2i" 

8.7011 

.0517 

6" 

4'  5|" 

1.5761 

r  3" 

9.8222 

.0583 

6" 

4'  SV 

1.7671 

1'  3J" 

11.0125 

.0654 

n" 

4'  llf " 

1.9689 

1'  4f" 

12.2701 

.0729 

^" 

5'  2f" 

2.1816 

r  5|" 

13.5957 

.0808 

9" 

5'  5J" 

2.4052 

1'  6i" 

14.9892 

.0890 

5'  9" 

2.6398 

1'  71" 

16.4512 

.0977 

11'' 

6'  2J" 

2.8852 

1'  8|" 

17.9025 

.1068 

2' 

6'  3|" 

3.1416 

V  9i" 

19.5784 

.1163 

1'' 

6'  6i" 

3.4087 

r  io|" 

21.2430 

.1262 

2" 

6'  9|" 

3.6869 

r  11" 

22.9767 

.1365 

W 

T  lOf " 

3.9760 

1'  iij" 

24.7784 

.1472 

¥ 

T  3|" 

4.2760 

2'  f" 

27.2480 

.1583 

6" 

7'  7i" 

4.5869 

2'  If" 

28.5855 

.1698 

6" 

T  lOi" 

4.9087 

2'  2i" 

30.5910 

.1818 

r 

8'  If" 

5.2413 

2'  3|" 

32.6637 

.1941 

Off 

o 

5.5850 

2'  4^" 

34.8057 

.2068 

8'  71" 

5.9395 

2'  5i" 

37.0149 

.2199 

10'' 

8'  lOf" 

6.3049 

2'  6J" 

39.2921 

.2335 

11" 

9'  li" 

6.6813 

2'  7" 

41.6378 

.2474 

9'  5" 

7.0686 

2'  7|" 

44.0515 

.2618 

1" 

9'  8i" 

7.4666 

2'  84" 

46.5318 

.2765 

2" 

9'  Hi" 

7.8757 

2'  9f" 

49.0813 

.2916 

3" 

10'  2i" 

8.2957 

2'  lOi" 

51.6988 

.3072 

4" 

10'  5|" 

8.7265 

2'  11|" 

54.3835 

.3232 

5" 

10'  8f" 

9.1683 

3'  i" 

57.0994 

.3395 

G" 

10-'  11|" 

9.6211 

3'  1^" 

60.9587 

.3565 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  207 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AKD  AREAS  OF  CmCIMS,  —  Continued, 


Diameter 

Circiim. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic  yards 

iii  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  f€>et. 

square  in 

ions  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft,  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

7^ 

11'  3" 

10,0846 

3'  2" 

62.8472 

.3733 

11'  Q)V 

10,5591 

3'  3" 

65.8043 

.3911 

11'  91'' 

11.0446 

3'  3J" 

68.8299 

.4090 

12^ 

11.5409 

3'  4|" 

71.9228 

.4274 

ll'^ 

12'  31" 

12.0481 

3'  51" 

75.0837 

.4462 

12'  6i" 

12.5664 

3'  ^" 

78.3128 

.4654 

1^ 

12'  91" 

13.0952 

3'  71" 
"    1  g 

81.6092 

.4851 

2" 

13'  1" 

13.6353 

3'  8i" 

84.9751 

.5050 

3^ 

13'  4i" 

14.1862 

3'  9|" 

85.8583 

.5254 

4^ 

13'  7i" 

14.7479 

3'  10" 

91.9089 

,5462 

5" 

13'  lOi" 

15.3206 

3'  10^" 

95.4779 

,5674 

6'' 

14'  1|" 

15.9043 

3'  llj" 

99.1155 

.5893 

14'  41" 
J.  A  ^g 

16.4986 

4'  f" 

102.8192  : 

.6111 

S'' 

14'  7J" 

'8 

17.1041 

4'  1|" 

106.5927 

.6334 

0^ 

14'  11" 

17.7205 

4'  2I-" 

110.4341 

.6563 

10'' 

15'  2|-" 

18.3476 

4'  31" 

114.3421 

.6795 

11'' 

15'  5J" 

18.9858 

4'  4i"  : 

118.3818 

.7032 

5' 

15'  8i" 

19.6350 

4'  5J"  ' 

122,3653 

.7272 

1^ 

15'  llf" 

20.2947 

4'  6^  ; 

126.4765 

.7516 

2'^ 

16'  2i" 

20.9656 

4'  6|"  ^ 

130.6576 

.7764 

3'' 

16'  5|" 

21.6475 

4'  7f " 

134.9072 

.8017 

4^ 

16'  9" 

22,3400 

4'  81" 

-I  \^g 

139.2228 

.8275 

17'  i" 

23.0437 

4'  91" 

t^g 

143.6083 

.8534 

17'  3i" 

23.7583 

4'  101" 

148.0617 

.8800 

7'' 

17'  61" 

24.4835 

4'  11^" 
^  J. j-g 

152.5811 

.9071 

8" 

17'  91" 
J- 1  «yg 

25.2199 

5'  i" 

157.1704 

.9340 

9" 

18'  f" 

25.9672 

5'  1^" 

161.8275 

.9617 

10" 

18'  3|" 

26.7251 

5'  2" 

166.5508 

.9897 

11" 

18'  7|"- 

27.4943 

5'  2J" 

171.3444 

1.0184 

6' 

18'  10|" 

28.2744 

5'  3f" 

176  2060 

1.0472 

1" 

19'  1-1" 

29.0649 

5'  4f" 

181.1324 

1.0764 

2" 

19'  4|" 

29.8668 

5'  5i" 

185.1298 

1.1042 

3" 

19'  7i" 

30.6796 

5'  6|" 

191.1952 

1.1363 

4" 

19'  lOf " 

31.5029 

5'  7|" 

196.3320 

1.1667 

5" 

20'  1|" 

32.3376 

5'  81" 

201.5279 

1.1976 

6" 

20'  4J" 

33.1831 

5'  9J" 

206.7970 

1.2290 

208     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CmCLES, Continued. 


Diameter 

Circnm. 

Side  of  — 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

20'  8*" 

34.0391 

5'  10" 

212.1376 

1.2607 

20'  Hi" 

34.9065 

5'  10|" 

217.5373 

1.2928 

21'  2|" 

35.7847 

5'  llf" 

223.0102 

1.3253 

21'  5|" 

36.6735 

6'  1" 

228.4492 

1.3582 

11'' 

21'  8f" 

37.5736 

6'  li" 

234.1586 

1.3926 

Y 

21'  11^" 

38.4846 

6'  21" 

239.8360 

1.4254 

V 

22'  3" 

39.4060 

6'  3i" 

245.5781 

1.4602 

2" 

22'  ej" 

40.3388 

6'  4i" 

251.3914 

1.4940 

22'  9i" 

41.2825 

6'  5i" 
\j  t^g 

257.2725 

1.5300 

4" 

23'  1" 

8 

42.2367 

6'  6" 

263.2191 

1.5643 

23'  2i" 

43.2022 

6'  6|" 

269.2361 

1.6001 

23'  6f" 

44.1787 

6'  7f" 

275.3216 

1.6361 

23' 11" 

45.1656 

6'  8#" 

V/  «^g 

281.4720 

1.6728 

8" 

24'  IJ" 

46.1638 

6'  9i" 

287.6928 

1.7098 

9" 

24'  4i" 

47.1730 

6'  lOf" 

293.9721 

1.7471 

24'  7V' 

48.1926 

6'  Hi" 

300.3362 

1.7849 

11'' 

24'  101" 

49.2236 

7'  0" 

306.7614 

1.8231 

8' 

25'  li" 

50.2656 

7'  i" 

313.2552 

1.8617 

1" 

25'  41" 

51.3178 

7'  If" 

319.8125 

1.9007 

2" 

25'  7^" 

52.3816 

7'  21" 

326.4421 

1.9394 

3" 

25'  11" 

53.4562 

7'  3f" 

333. 1390 

1.9800 

4" 

26'  2i" 

54.5412 

7'  41" 

•  ^8 

339.9007 

2.0201 

5" 

26'  5i" 

55.6377 

7'  5-i" 

346.7341 

2.0607 

6" 

26'  81" 

56.7451 

7'  Of" 

353.6354 

2.1017 

7" 

26'  Hi" 

57.8628 

7'  7i" 

360.6009 

2.1430 

8" 

27'  2f" 

58.9920 

7'  8i" 

367.6381 

2.1850 

9" 

27'  5f" 

60.1321 

7'  9I-" 

•  »yg 

374.3432 

2.2698 

10" 

27'  9" 

61.2826 

T  9J" 
1  i/g 

381.9031 

2.3128 

11" 

28'  ^" 

62.4445 

7'  lOf" 

389.1541 

2.4001 

28'  3i" 

63.6174 

7'  HI" 

396.4636 

2.3562 

1" 

28'  6|" 

64.8006 

8'  r 

403.8373 

2.4000 

2" 

28'  9i" 

65.9951 

8'  H" 

411.2814 

2.4443 

3" 

29'  f" 

67.2007 

8'  2|" 

418.7947 

2.4889 

4" 

29'  3f" 

68.4166 

8'  3i" 

426.3722 

2.5339 

5" 

29'  7" 

69.6440 

8'  4i" 

434.0214 

2.5795 

6" 

29'  lOi" 

70.8823 

8'  5" 

441.7384 

2.6263 

PB ACTIO AL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USEi  209 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Con^mwe^?. 


Diameter 

i 

1  Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

30'  Ik" 

72.1309 

8' 

Kin 

449.5197 

2.6715 

8" 

30'  4^" 

73.3910 

8' 

457.3727 

2.7183 

d" 

30'  7^-^' 

74  6620 

8' 

Ik" 

'  8 

465.2935 

2.7653 

30'  114^^ 

75.9433 

8' 

81" 

473  2786 

2.8128 

11" 

31'  1^" 

77.2362 

8' 

9¥ 

481.3359 

2.8607 

W 

31'  6" 

78.5400 

8' 

489.4612 

2  0080 

1" 

31'  8^^' 

79.8541 

8' 

IVt" 

J.  J.  4 

497.6501 

2.9575 

2" 

31'  H  i  '' 

81.1795 

9' 

505.9106 

3  0066 

S" 

32'  2¥ 

82.5160 

9' 

1" 

514.2397 

3.0561 

4" 

32' 

83  8627 

9' 

17// 

522.6323 

3.1060 

b" 

32'  8¥ 

85.2211 

9' 

2^" 

530  9978 

3.1563 

6" 

32'  llf 

86  5003 

9' 

Zk" 

539  6307 

3.2070 

1" 

33'  21" 

87  9607 

9' 

41" 

548  2271 

3.2211 

8" 

33'  d^" 

80  3608 

9' 

^8 

556  8065 

3.3096 

9" 

33'  9{" 

90  7627 

9' 

6\" 

565.2331 

3.3615 

10" 

34' 

92.1749 

9' 

*  4 

574  4339 

3.4138 

11" 

34'  Si" 

93  5086 

9' 

8^" 

583  3064 

3.4665 

11' 

34'  Of'' 

95.0334 

9' 

Ql// 

^8 

592  2481 

3.5197 

1'' 

34'  9i" 

96  4783 

9' 

'^8 

601  2520 

0,0  i  00 

2" 

35'  I" 

97.9347 

9' 

610  3200 

3.6272 

S" 

35'  4^'^ 

00  4021 

9' 

Hi" 

^^8 

619.4738 

O.UOJLeJ 

4" 

35'  7i'' 

100  8707 

10' 

I" 

628  0822 

3.7362 

6" 

35'  10|'' 

102  .3680 

10' 

-J  3// 

637  0620 

3  7014. 

Q" 

36'  'ii-" 

103  8601 

10' 

24" 

647  31 22 

3.8470 

V 

36'  4^" 

105.3794 

10' 

656  7244 

3.9029 

8" 

36'  7f'' 

1 06  001  ^ 

666  2080 

3.9593 

9" 

36'  lOJ'^ 

108  4349 

10' 

5" 

675  7610 

4  0160 

10" 

37'  2^" 

100  0772 

10' 

sr 

685  3770 

4.0732 

11" 

37'  5-V' 

111.5319 

10' 

6i" 

695.0668 

4.1308 

12' 

07/  03// 

^*  Og 

110. UtT  IKj 

10' 

70A  <^9J.9 

/<  1QQQ 

1" 

37'  lli'^ 

114.6732 

10' 

714.6433 

4.2471 

2" 

38'  21" 

116.2607 

10' 

9|" 

724.5366 

4.3059 

Z" 

38'  5f'' 

117.8590 

10' 

lOi" 

734.4972 

4.3651 

4" 

38'  8i" 

119.4674 

10' 

111" 

744.5208 

4.4241 

6" 

39'  0^' 

121.0876 

11' 

0" 

754.6179 

4.4847 

6" 

39'  3i" 

122.7187 

11' 

1" 

764.7829 

4.5451 

210     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Co?i^i?iwe(^. 


Diarneter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

39' 

124.3598 

11' 

11" 

-^8 

775.0102 

4.6059 

39' 

9V 

126.0127 

11' 

2#" 

-^8 

785.3111 

4.6671 

9' 

40' 

i" 
8 

127.6765 

11' 

3#" 

795.6799 

4.7287 

10" 

40' 

129.3504 

11' 

4V' 

806.1116 

4.7907 

11" 

40' 

Ql" 

131.0360 

11' 

816.6163 

4.8531 

13' 

40' 

10'' 

132.7326 

11' 

0\" 

827.1895 

4.9160 

1" 

41' 

134.4391 

11' 

1h" 

837.8244 

4.9792 

2" 

41' 

136  1574 

11' 

^h" 

848.5329 

5.0428 

S" 

41' 

11' 

"8 

859.3099 

5.1106 

4" 

41' 

lOf" 

1,SQ  6260 

11' 

9¥ 

870,1492 

5.1713 

b" 

42' 

If" 

141.3771 

11' 

10^" 

881.0620 

5.2361 

6" 

42' 

^8 

148  1391 

11' 

lU" 

892.0428 

5.3014 

n" 

42' 

8" 

144.9111 

12' 

2 

907.0859 

5.3670 

^" 

42' 

146.6949 

12' 

l¥ 

^8 

914,2026 

5.4331 

9" 

43' 

2k" 

148.4896 

12' 

2¥' 

923.3871 

5.4996 

w 

43' 

^¥ 

150.2943 

12' 

3i" 

936.6340 

5.5653 

11" 

43' 

152.1109 

12' 

4" 

947.9551 

5.6337 

14' 

43'  llf " 

153.9384 

12' 

4V' 

959.3441 

5.7014 

1''  . 

44' 

^8 

155.7758 

12' 

5#" 

^8 

970.7947 

5.7694 

2" 

44' 

0" 

157.6250  ■ 

12' 

ov 

^2 

982.3190 

5.8369 

Z" 

44' 

9r 

159.4852 

12' 

7A" 

993.9117 

5.9069 

4" 

45' 

ur 

161.3553 

12' 

8^" 

^8 

1005.5662 

5.9761 

b" 

45' 

3i" 

163.2373 

12' 

Q3// 
^8 

1017.2958 

6.0458 

Q" 

45' 

or 

165.1303 

12' 

10^" 

1029.0920 

6.1159 

1" 

45' 

91" 

167.0331 

12' 

11*" 

1040.9502 

6.1864 

8" 

46' 

m 

8 

168.9479 

13' 

0" 

1052.8733 

6.2573 

9" 

46' 

4" 

170  8735 

13' 

1*" 

1064  8846 

6.3286 

10" 

46' 

172  8091 

13' 

If" 

1076  9462 

6.4410 

11" 

46' 

11\" 

174.7565 

13' 

2|" 

1089.0825 

6.4724 

15' 

47' 

176.7150 

13' 

w 

1101.2875 

6.5450 

1" 

47' 

178.6832 

13' 

4|" 

1113.4537 

6.6178 

2" 

47' 

71" 

180.6634 

13' 

1125.8943 

6.6912 

S" 

47' 

10|" 

182.6545 

13' 

6^" 

1138.3028 

6.7649 

4" 

48' 

2V 

184.6555 

13' 

*8 

1149.7730 

6.8390 

6" 

48' 

^8 

186.6684 

13' 

8" 

1163.3174 

6.9126 

6" 

48' 

8J" 

188.6923 

13' 

ei// 

^8 

1172.9304 

6.9886 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENITAL  USE.  211 


CIRCUMFERE^^-CES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Con^mifed 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

•    1  1 

imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

Y 

48'  llf' 

190.7260 

13' 

9f" 

1188.6054 

7.0639 

49' 

21" 

192.7716 

13' 

10|" 

1201.3626 

7.1396 

^" 

49' 

61" 

194.8282 

13'  Hi'' 

1214.1693 

7.2158 

W 

49' 

SI" 

196.8946 

14' 

3// 

8 

1227.0471 

7.2923 

11" 

50' 

0" 

198.9730 

14' 

H" 

1236.9997 

7.3693 

16' 

5(y 

Si" 

201.0624 

14' 

2i" 

1253.0208 

7.4467 

1" 

50' 

6i" 

203.1615 

14' 

3" 

1266.1023 

7.5245 

50' 

91" 

205.2726 

14' 

Si" 

1279.2588 

7.6026 

51' 

r 

207.3946 

14' 

4|" 

1292.4831 

7.6812 

51' 

209.5264 

14' 

5f" 

1306.7685 

7.7602 

h" 

51' 

211.6703 

14' 

6|" 

1309.1293 

7.8396 

51' 

10" 

213.8251 

14' 

ir 

1332.5580 

7.9194 

n" 

52' 

215.9896 

14' 

8|" 

1346.0471 

7.9996 

^" 

52' 

4i// 

218.1662 

14' 

9i" 

1359.6138 

8.0802 

52' 

h3ff 
♦8 

220.3537 

14'  lOi" 

1379.2442 

8.1612 

10^' 

52' 

lOi'' 

222.5510 

14' 

11" 

1386.9378 

8.2426 

11'' 

53' 

11" 

224.7603 

14' 

111" 

1400.7061 

8.3444 

17' 

53' 

4i" 

226.9806 

15' 

f" 

1414.5430 

8.4067 

1" 

53' 

S" 

229.2105 

15' 

tf" 

1428.4398 

8.4890 

2" 

53'  lU'' 

231.4525 

15' 

2f" 

1442.4119 

8.5352 

Z" 

54' 

2i" 

233.7055 

15' 

Si" 

1456.4526 

8.6557 

4" 

54' 

61" 

235.9682 

15' 

4|" 

1470.5538 

8.7395 

54' 

Si" 

238.2430 

15' 

5J" 

1484.6303 

8.8238 

54' 

iir 

240.5287 

15' 

6i" 

1498.9748 

8.9081 

r 

55' 

97  // 

^8 

242.8241 

15' 

7" 

1513.2792 

8.9234 

55' 

6'' 

245.1316 

15' 

71" 

1527.6601 

9.0789 

9" 

55' 

9i" 

247.4500 

15' 

8J" 

1542.1084 

9.1642 

56' 

r 

249.7781 

15' 

W 

1566.6171 

9.2510 

11" 

56' 

252.1184 

15' 

lOi" 

1571.2018 

9.3377 

18' 

56' 

254  4696 

15' 

111" 

15S5  8545 

9.4248 

1" 

56' 

91" 

256.8303 

16' 

1" 

1600.5664 

9.5122 

2" 

57' 

1" 

8 

259.2033 

16' 

li" 

1615.3549 

9.6000 

^" 

57' 

4// 

261.5872 

16' 

2i" 

1630.2114 

9.6884 

4" 

57' 

263.9807 

16' 

3*" 

1645.1277 

9.7252 

6" 

57' 

lOi'' 

266.3864 

16' 

31"- 

1660.1200 

9.8661 

6" 

58' 

13// 
-■^8 

268.8031 

16' 

4i" 

1675.1809 

9.9556 

212     MODERN  JV^OULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLIIS,  — Continued. 


Diameter 

Circum.  in 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

iu  feet  and 

feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

1" 

58' 

271.2293 

16' 

5I-" 

1690  8009 

10.0451 

S'' 

58' 

ir 

273.6678 

16' 

6*" 

1705.4977 

10.1358 

9'' 

58' 

lOf" 

276.1171 

16' 

7#" 

•8 

1720  7617 

10.2264 

10'^ 

59' 

2" 

278.5761 

16' 

1736  0862 

10.3176 

11'' 

59' 

51// 

281.0472 

16' 

9i" 

1751.4861 

10.4091 

19' 

59' 

8i" 

283.5294 

16' 

10" 

1766.9552 

10.5011 

59'  Hi" 

286.0210 

16' 

11" 

1782.4828 

10.5933 

2'^ 

60' 

21" 

288.5249 

16' 

lU" 

1799.0871 

10.6861 

3" 

60' 

51" 

291.0397 

ir 

1" 

1813.7594 

10.7792 

4" 

60' 

8f" 

293.5641 

17' 

If" 

1829.4914 

10.8727 

5" 

60' 

llj" 

296.1107 

17' 

2i" 

1845.3005 

10.9665 

61' 

3i" 

298.6843 

17' 

3|" 

1861.0762 

11.0610 

^// 

61' 

6i" 

301.2054 

17' 

4i" 

1877.1120 

11.1668 

8'' 

61' 

9i" 

303.7747 

17' 

Si" 

1893.1239 

11.2509 

9'' 

62' 

r 

306.3550 

17' 

6" 

1909.2043 

11.3464 

10'' 

62' 

31" 

308.9448 

17' 

7" 

1925.3439 

11.4424 

11" 

62' 

6f" 

311.5469 

17' 

VI" 

1941.5602 

11.5384 

20' 

62' 

^8 

314.1600 

17' 

8f" 

1957.8451 

11.6355 

1" 

63' 

-■-8 

316.7824 

17' 

9f" 

1974.1879 

11.7326 

2" 

63' 

4i" 

319.4173 

17'  lOi" 

1990.6086 

11.8302 

3" 

63' 

322.0630 

17' 

llf" 

2007.0966 

11.9282 

4" 

63'  nv 

324.7182 

18' 

r 

2023.6438 

12.0266 

5" 

64' 

1|" 

327.3858 

18' 

w 

2040.2683 

12.1254 

6" 

64' 

4f" 

330.0643 

18' 

2" 

2056.9607 

12.2246 

7" 

64' 

77// 

332.7522 

18' 

2i" 

2073.7117 

12.3241 

8" 

64' 

11" 

335.4525 

18' 

81" 

2090  5399 

12.4241 

9" 

65' 

2i" 

338.1637 

18' 

4f" 

2107.4361 

12.5245 

10" 

65' 

5|" 

340.8844 

18' 

5|" 

2124  8915 

12.6253 

11" 

65' 

8J" 

343.6174 

18' 

ei" 

2141.4236 

12.7265 

21' 

65' 

111" 

OtcU.  OU -Lrt 

18' 

U" 

91  ^9,  ^949 

12.8282 

1" 

66' 

2i" 

349.1147 

18' 

8i" 

2175.6828 

12.9301 

2" 

66' 

5|" 

351.8804 

18' 

2192.9186 

13.0326 

3" 

66' 

9" 

354.6571 

18' 

10" 

2210.2110 

13.1354 

4" 

66' 

i" 

357.4432 

18'  10|" 

2227.5860 

13.2386 

5" 

67' 

360.2417 

18'  llf " 

2245.0362 

13.3422 

6" 

67' 

61" 

363.0511 

19' 

f" 

2262.5344 

13.4463 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  213 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Contiiiued. 


Diameter 

Circum.  in 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic  yards 

■fAfit   n  ?1  H 
ICCt  diitl 

xxlCd  iJLi  let;? I* 

square  in 

In  TIG  i*t  1  "Frfci'^i" 

1  fr^rit  in 
dt  ±  loot  li-t 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  aud  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

7// 
4 

1Q' 

14" 

99Q0  innj. 

10.  oou  4 

0 

uo  ^ 

^^^ft  7ni  1 

1Q' 

la 

94" 

99Q7  7J.^9 

1  A555 

lO.UOOO 

V 

00  t:)8 

Q71  p;4Q9 

0  1 1,0^0^ 

19' 

84" 

9*^1  4579 

1  'I  7f^08 

10.  4UUO 

uo  1 

^74  ^Q47 

1Q' 

9'^'^'^  9977 

JLO.OUU'* 

11" 

68'  lOJ" 

.877  9'^ft7 
0  4  4 .^00 4 

19' 

9851  07fi9 

13.9725 

22' 

oou.  ±oou 

19' 

54" 

98n>>  QQ95 

14  0800 

X'±.  uouu 

1" 

QQQ  0177 
000.  yJA.  4  4 

19' 

64" 

98S6  Qfifi8 

14.1858 

2" 

<g 

8^^  Q144 

000.  a±^^ 

19' 

W 
*t 

9405  01K5 

14. 2931 

3" 

69'  10|" 

888  8220 

19' 

84" 

2428  1887 

14.4008 

4" 

801  78ftQ 

19' 

04" 

2441  8168 

1 4  5088 

5" 

70'  5" 

804  fifift8 

19' 

10-8" 

2458  5798 

14.6173 

6" 

70'  8 J" 

807  fi0ft7 

0»7  4  .UvO  4 

19' 

114" 

2477  0074 

14.7262 

7" 

70'  1 1  ^" 

400  ^^S8 

20' 

4" 
t 

2406  2708 

14.8354 

8" 

71 '  24'' 

408  ^904- 

20' 

H" 

2514  7801 

14.9452 

9" 

71'  5^" 
4  J.  og 

40fi  4Q8^ 

20' 

2" 

2588  2674 

15  0558 

10" 

71'  8f'^ 

400  47 

20' 

2|" 

2551  8588 

15.1657 

11" 

71 '  1 1 1" 

41  Ilg 

4 1 9  4707 

20' 

3f'' 

2570  5174 

ixj.tj  X  It: 

1.5  97fifi 

23' 

72'  3" 

41  47rifi 

20' 

H" 

2580  2501 

15  8880 

1" 

72' 

4^  Ug 

41  Q  401  ?^ 

20' 

5i" 

2607  0800 

15  4Q06 

XtJ,  rtt/{/U 

2" 

72'  f]^" 

1Z«  i^g 

491  '^109 

20' 

ef" 

2626  0076 

15.6118 

3" 

78'  4" 
40  Y 

424.5577 

20' 

7i" 

9fi45  8485 

15.7243 

4" 

70/  05// 

40  Og 

497  (\C\^^^ 

20' 

8i" 

2664  8874 

15  8879 
j.0.00  4  ^ 

5" 

73'  6f" 

480  6658 

20' 

H" 

2688  00Q9 

15.9505 

6" 

78'  Q^" 
40  jg 

433.7371 

20' 

10" 

2708  04Qfi 

16  0fi48 

J.  U.  UUt:0 

1 

74'   1 " 
4  '±  j- 

486  817^^ 

rtOU.  OJ.  4  0 

20'  10|" 

9799 

14^  1  784 
lu.  1 1  ot 

0 

74'  41'/ 
4^  ^g 

480  Q106 

20' 

111" 

9741  5998 

Ifi  9Q9Q 

lU.  Lh.'jLV 

9" 

74'  7J^" 

4Tt       4  J 

448  0146 

21' 

97fiO  8RfiQ 

1A  407Q 

74'  105// 

lUg 

44«  197Q 

21' 

H" 

9780  9fi84 

59^.9 

11" 

75'  1|" 

449.2536 

21' 

2|" 

2799.7484 

16.6390 

24' 

75'  4f" 

452  8004 

21' 

8i" 

2810  206Q 

16  7556 

JIU.  400U 

1" 

75'  7J" 

455.5362 

21' 

4|" 

2838.9015 

16.8717 

2" 

75' 11" 

458.6948 

21' 

5" 

2858.5859 

16.9886 

3" 

76'  2^" 

461.8642 

21' 

6" 

2878.3376 

17.1060 

4" 

76'  5i" 

465.0428 

21' 

ej" 

2898.1467 

17.2608 

5" 

76'  8i" 

468.2341 

21' 

7i" 

2918.0349 

17.3420 

6" 

76'  llf" 

471.4363 

21' 

81" 

2937.9941 

17.4606 

1 


214      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  -  AND  AREAS  OF  CmCL^S,  —  Continued. 


Diameter 

Cireiira. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

A.rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

7^' 

77' 

2r 

474.6476 

21' 

W 

2958.0038 

17.5795 

8'' 

77' 

477.8716 

21' 

2978.0958 

17.6989 

9^ 

77' 

481.1065 

21' 

2998.2557 

17.8187 

10^ 

78' 

¥' 

484.3506 

22' 

I'l 
8 

3018.4729 

17.9389 

11^ 

78' 

^l" 

487.6073 

22' 

3038.8686 

18  3019 

25' 

'78' 

^" 

490.8750 

22' 

3059.1330 

18.1805 

78' 

^" 

494  1516 

22' 

3079  5527 

18  2385 

2^ 

79^ 

r 

497.4411 

22' 

3#'^ 

3100  0529 

18.4237 

3" 

79' 

500  7415 

22' 

41'' 

3120.6210 

18  6687 

4'f 

79' 

W 

504  0510 

22' 

3141.2458 

18.7196 

5^ 

79'  11^'' 

507  3782 

22' 

m" 

^8 

3161.9497 

18.7916 

6" 

80' 

n" 

510  7063 

22' 

3182.7214 

18.9150 

1" 

80' 

514  04P4 

22' 

3203.5496 

19  0388 

8^ 

80' 

7r 

517.4034 

22' 

9'' 

3224.4579 

19.1630 

9^^ 

80'  lOi'' 

520.7692 

22' 

'■8 

3245.4336 

19.2877 

81' 

17// 

524.1441 

22' 

lOf" 

3266.4860 

19.4127 

IV 

81' 

5" 

527.5318 

22' 

Hi" 

3287.6381 

19.5382 

26' 

81' 

8^' 

530.9304 

23' 

V 

3308.7582 

19.6640 

1" 

81'  lir 

534.3379 

23' 

3329.9937 

19.7902 

82' 

o3/7 

537.7583 

23' 

^  8 

3351.3097 

19.9169 

3'' 

82' 

5i" 

541.1896 

23' 

3372.6935 

20.0440 

82' 

8f" 

544.6299 

23' 

^8 

3394.1535 

20.1714 

^" 

82' 

548.0830 

23' 

5'^ 

3415.6532 

20.2993 

6" 

83' 

3" 

551.5471 

23' 

^8 

3437.2415 

20.4276 

83' 

6J" 

555.0201 

23' 

6f'' 

3458.8852 

20.5562 

8'' 

83' 

9F 

558  5059 

23' 

•F 

3480.6087 

20  6854 

9'' 

84' 

3// 
8 

562  0027 

23' 

8i'' 

3502.3008 

20  8149 

84' 

Si" 

565  5084 

23' 

9|'' 

3524.2483 

20.9447 

11^ 

84' 

6f" 

569.0270 

23' 

lOi'' 

3546.1762 

21.0750 

27' 

84' 

91" 

572  5566 

23' 

3568.1727 

21.2058 

85' 

1" 

576.0949 

24' 

¥ 

3590.2234 

21.3368 

2" 

85' 

4J" 

579.6463 

24' 

\" 

3612.3557 

21.4683 

3" 

85' 

Si" 

583.2085 

24' 

3634.5553 

21.6003 

4^ 

85' 

111" 

586.7796 

24' 

2f'' 

3656.8104 

21.7325 

5" 

86' 

H" 

590.3637 

24' 

3r' 

3679.1465 

21.8653 

6^' 

86' 

41" 

593.9587 

24' 

3701.5506 

21.9984 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  215 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  — Continued, 


Diameter 

Circura. 

Side  of  •-= 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

ill  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

i^rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

86' 

7|" 

24' 

54" 

3724  0004 

22.1319 

8'^ 

86' 

11" 

1793 

\j\J  X  •  X  \  i/tJ 

24' 

6^" 

3746  5403 

22  25r'0 

9'' 

87' 

2|" 

fJO-4  8070 

24' 

7i" 

3709.1572 

22.4002 

10" 

87' 

5i" 

BO.S  4436 

24' 

8i" 

3701  8205 

22.5349 

11" 

87' 

8|" 

612  0931 

24' 

9" 

3814  5641 

22.6701 

28' 

87'  Hi" 

615  7536 

24' 

3837  3764 

22.8056 

1" 

88' 

2r 

610  4228 

24' 

10|" 

3860  2428 

22  0415 

2" 

88' 

5f" 

623  1050 

24' 

lU" 

3883  1003 

23.0779 

3" 

88' 

9" 

626  7082 

25' 

V 

3005  4063 

23.2147 

4// 

89' 

¥ 

630  5002 

25' 

If" 

3020  277'> 

23  3154 

5" 

89' 

3i" 

634.2152 

25' 

2i" 

3952  4201 

23.4894 

6" 

89' 

61" 

637.9411 

25' 

3075  6480 

23.6274 

7" 

89' 

91" 

641.6758 

25' 

4" 

3998.9235 

23.7457 

8" 

90' 

8 

645  4235 

25' 

4|" 

4022  4662 

23.9045 

9" 

90' 

3|" 

649  1821 

25' 

5|" 

4045.7028 

24.0437 

10" 

90' 

652  9495 

25' 

6f" 

4060  1813 

TXxJxJ  O  *  Xkj  XtJ 

24.1833 

11" 

90' 

111// 

656  7300 

25' 

71-" 

4092.3413 

24.3249 

29' 

91' 

11// 

660.5214 

25' 

8|" 

4116.3693 

24.4637 

1" 

91' 

41" 

664  3214 

25' 

9|" 

4140  0500 

24  r)044 

a^a:*  \J\J  jl 

2" 

91' 

1i" 

668  1346 

25'  lOi" 

4163.8148 

24.7457 

3" 

91' 

101" 

671  0587 

25' 

11^" 

4187  6466 

24  8873 

4" 

92' 

ir 

675  7915 

26' 

0" 

4211.5326 

25  0293 

5" 

92' 

41" 

679  6375 

26' 

r 

4234  4839 

25.1717 

6" 

92' 

8^" 

683  4943 

26' 

If" 

4259.5364 

25.2405 

7" 

92' 

687  3508 

26' 

2|" 

4983  6963 

25.4577 

8" 

93' 

93// 
^8 

691  2385 

26' 

3|" 

4308  7983 

25.6014 

9" 

93' 

Si" 

695.1280 

26' 

4i" 

4332.0376 

25.7454 

10" 

93' 

8|" 

699  0263 

26' 

5|" 

4356  3310 

25.SS98 

11" 

93' 

111" 

702.9377 

26' 

6i" 

4380.7077 

26.0347 

30' 

94' 

97// 

^8 

706  8600 

26' 

7" 

4405.1515 

26  1800 

1" 

94' 

6" 

710.7909 

26' 

8" 

4429.6488 

26.3255 

2" 

94' 

9i" 

714.7350 

26' 

Q7// 

°8 

4454.2285 

26.4716 

3" 

95' 

3// 

8 

718.6900 

26' 

9i" 

4478.8760 

26.6181 

4" 

95' 

3i" 

722.6537 

26' 

lOf" 

4503.5779 

26.7649 

5" 

95' 

6|" 

726.6305 

26'  IH" 

4528.3612 

26.9122 

6" 

95' 

9f" 

730.6183 

27' 

r 

4553.2132 

27.0599 

216      MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Co?i^muecZ. 


Diarneter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

96' 

8 

734.6147 

27' 

1|" 

4578.1188 

27.2079 

96' 

4" 

738.6242 

27' 

2V 

4603.1060 

27.3934 

96' 

742.6447 

27' 

4628.1617 

27.5153 

96' 

io¥ 

746.6738 

27' 

4" 

4653.2711 

27.6545 

11'' 

97' 

750.7161 

27' 

4|" 

4678.4627 

27.8043 

31' 

97' 

754.7694 

27' 

5f" 

4703.7229 

27.9544 

1'' 

97' 

7f" 

758.8311 

27' 

6f" 

4729.0354 

28.1048 

97' 

lOi" 

762.9062 

27' 

IV 

4754.4314 

28.2557 

3'' 

98' 

2" 

766.9921 

27' 

8|" 

4779.8947 

28.4070 

98' 

^8 

771.0866 

27' 

9i" 

4805.4116 

28.5587 

98' 

81" 

775.1944 

27' 

10^" 

4831.0115 

28.7109 

98' 

Hi" 

779.3131 

27'  IIV 

4856.6792 

28.8634 

99' 

21" 

783.4403 

28' 

0" 

4882.3999 

29.0163 

99' 

51" 

'-'4 

787.5808 

28' 

7// 
8 

4908.2035 

29. 1696 

9'' 

99' 

81" 

791.7322 

28' 

If" 

4934.0750 

29.3234 

10'' 

100' 

0" 

795.8922 

28' 

21" 

4960.0001 

29.4774 

11" 

100' 

3i" 

800.0654 

28' 

sv 

4986.0075 

29.6320 

32' 

100' 

61" 

804.2496 

28' 

4V 

5012.0835 

29.7870 

1" 

100' 

9*" 

808.4422 

28' 

5i" 

5038.2117 

29.9423 

2" 

101' 

812.6481 

28' 

^8 

5064.4229 

30.0980 

3" 

101' 

3f" 

816.8650 

28' 

7" 

5090.7026 

30.2543 

4" 

101' 

^8 

821.0904 

28' 

8" 

5117.0353 

30.4107 

5" 

101' 

10" 

825.3291 

28' 

^8 

5143.4509 

30.5677 

6" 

102' 

829.5787 

28' 

9f" 

5169.9344 

30.7251 

7" 

102' 

833.8368 

28' 

lOf" 

5196.4709 

30.8828 

8" 

102' 

IV 

838. 1082 

28'  Hi" 

5223.0903 

31.0410 

9" 

102' 

10|" 

842.3905 

29' 

5249.7775 

31.1996 

10" 

103' 

If" 

846.6813 

29' 

IV 

5277.0178 

31.3585 

11" 

108' 

^8 

850.9855 

29' 

^8 

5303.3416 

31.5179 

33' 

103' 

8" 

855.3006 

29' 

93// 
^8 

5330.2333 

31.6778 

1" 

103'  IIV' 

859.6240 

29' 

3J" 

5317.1767 

31.8379 

2" 

104' 

2i" 

863.9609 

29' 

4f" 

5384.2043 

31.9948 

3" 

104' 

6|" 

868.3087 

29' 

5f" 

5411.2998 

32.1595 

4" 

104' 

8f" 

872.6649 

29' 

6|" 

5438.4476 

32.3579 

5" 

104' 

llf" 

877.0346 

29' 

IV 

5465.6796 

32.4827 

6" 

105' 

21" 

881.4151 

29' 

8|" 

5492.9789 

32.6450 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  217 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Continued. 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

ill  feet  and. 

in  feet  and 

^rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

105' 

.  885  8040 

29' 

9i" 

5520  3305 

32  8075 

105' 

^8 

800  2064 

29'  lOJ-'' 

5547  7662 

32  9706 

g'f 

106' 

4 

894  6196 

29' 

11" 

5575  2693 

33.1340 

106' 

31'^ 

899  0413 

29' 

5602  8253 

33.2978 

106' 

^8 

903  4763 

30' 

r 

5630  4643 

33.4613 

34' 

106' 

907  9224 

30' 

5658  1723 

3;  J.  6267 

107' 

7  // 
8 

912.3767 

30' 

2V 

5685  9315 

33.7917 

2" 

107' 

A" 

916.8445 

30' 

SV 

5713.7749 

33.9572 

107' 

H" 

921.3232 

30' 

4r 

5741.6861 

34.1231 

A:" 

107' 

101" 

925.8103 

30' 

5769.6497 

34  2892 

108' 

1%" 

930  3108 

30' 

6i" 

5797  6969 

34.4559 

108' 

A^" 

934.8223 

30' 

1" 

5825.8115 

34  6230 

V 

108' 

•  4 

939.3421 

30' 

^77  // 
*8 

5853.9699 

34.7904 

108' 

10-^ 

943  8758 

30' 

8f" 

5882  23(iS 

34.95^3 

109' 

2" 

948.4195 

30' 

91" 

5910  .5503 

35.1266 

109' 

952.9720 

30' 

lor 

5938.9215 

35  2952 

11" 

109' 

957.5380 

30'  111" 

5967  3768 

35  4643 

35' 

109' 

962.1150 

31' 

V 

5989.9006 

35.6339 

1" 

110' 

2^" 

966.7001 

31' 

ir 

6024  4750 

35  8037 

2" 

110' 

971.2989 

31' 

2V 

6053  1347 

35  9740 

110' 

^8 

975.9085 

31' 

S" 

6081.8617 

36.1447 

4." 

111' 

0'^ 

980.5264 

31' 

Si" 

61 10  6405 

36  3158 

111' 

31" 

985.1579 

31' 

4r 

6139.. 5040 

36.4873 

111' 

U4 

989.8003 

31' 

br 

6168  4354 

36  6592 

V 

111' 

91" 

994.4509 

31' 

6197  4180 

\J  XiJ  1  •      1  \J\J 

36.8315 

112' 

999.1151 

31' 

w 

37  0042 

112' 

100.^  7902 

31' 

8i" 

6256  6205 

37  1404 

10" 

112' 

1008  47.^6 

31' 

6984  8074 

11" 

112' 

10" 

1013.1705 

31'  lOF 

6314.0785 

37.5248 

ou 

113' 

ir 

1017  Q7Cil 

31' 

lOi" 

1" 

113' 

4i" 

1022.5944 

31' 

Ui" 

6372.8083 

37.8738 

■2" 

113' 

w 

1027.3240 

32' 

r 

6403.2831 

88.0490 

Z" 

113' 

m" 

1032.0646 

32' 

ir 

6431.8265 

38.2246 

A" 

114' 

ir 

1036.8134 

32' 

2r 

6461.4211 

38.4005 

b" 

114' 

^8 

1041.5758 

32' 

sr 

6491.1003 

38.5761 

^" 

114' 

8^' 

1046.3491 

32' 

4\" 

6520.8475 

38.7537 

218     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CmCL,'ES,  —  Continued. 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

ill  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

^rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

114'  11^'' 

1051.1306 

32'  5i" 

6550.6458 

38  9807 

115'  2i" 

1055.9257 

32'  6" 

6580.5289 

39.1083 

115^  5-1^' 

1060  7817 

32'  6^" 

6610  4799 

39  2868 

10'^ 

115'  di" 

1065.5459 

32'  7J" 

6640.4820 

39.4646 

115'  11#'' 

1070  3788 

32'  8f" 

6670.5695 

39  6485 

37' 

116'  21" 

1075.2126 

32'  9i" 

6700.7249 

39.8227 

116'  6'' 

1080.0594 

32'  lOi" 

6730.9301 

40.0220 

2^' 

116'  9V' 

1084.9201 

32'  llf" 

6762.2220 

40.1822 

117'  i'^ 

1089.7915 

33'  J" 

6791  5806 

40.3626 

117'  SV 

1094  6711 

83'  l¥ 

6821  0002 

40.5434 

6" 

117' 

1099.5644 

33'  2" 

6852.4853 

40.7246 

117'  9|'' 

1104.4687 

33'  2|" 

6883.0489 

40.9062 

V 

118'  f' 

1109  8810 

33'  3f" 

6918  6628 

41.0882 

118'  ¥ 

1114.3071 

33'  41" 

6944.3618 

41.2706 

9^' 

118'  7*'' 

1119.2440 

33'  5|" 

6975.1286 

41.4535 

10^' 

118'  lOi'' 

1124.1891 

33'  6^" 

7005.9464 

41.6366 

ll'^ 

119'  W 

1129.1478 

33'  7i" 

7036.8490 

41.8203 

38' 

119'  4i" 

1134.1176 

33'  8i" 

7067.8208 

42.0043 

119'  71'' 

1139.0953 

33'  9-t" 

7098.8419 

42.1887 

2" 

1 19'  lOf " 

1144.0868 

33'  10" 

7129.9489 

42  3736 

120'  2" 

1149.0892 

33'  10|" 

7161.1238 

42.5588 

¥ 

120'  5i-" 

1154.0997 

33'  llf" 

7192.5493 

42.7444 

120'  8|" 

1159.1239 

34'  I-" 

7223.6601 

42.9305 

120' llf" 

1164.1591 

34' 

7255.0395 

43. 1459 

121'  2i" 

1169.2023 

34'  2-§" 

7286.4687 

43.3034 

S'^ 

121'  5I-" 

1174.2592 

34'  SV 

7317.9833 

43.4911 

9^ 

121'  8f" 

1179.3271 

34'  4J" 

7349.5664 

43.6417 

121' llj" 

1184  4080 

34'  54(-" 

7.381  1994 

48  8668 

ir' 

122'  3i" 

1189.4927 

34'  6" 

7412.9185 

44.0553 

39' 

122'  6 J" 

1 1 Q4-  ^Q^4. 

44.2442 

1" 

122'  9i" 

1199.7195 

34'  71" 

7476.6519 

44.4340 

2" 

123'  i" 

1204.8244 

34'  8|" 

7478.4626 

44.6231 

3" 

123'  3|" 

1209.9577 

34'  9i" 

7540.4563 

44.8123 

4// 

123'  6|" 

1215.0990 

34'  10|" 

7572.4969 

45.0036 

123'  9 J" 

1220.2542 

34'  lU" 

7604.6239 

45.1946 

6" 

124'  li" 

1225.4203 

35'  i" 

7636.8193 

45.3859 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOK  GENERAL  USE.  219 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Continued 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

^rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  In 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

T' 

'124' 

Ai" 

1230.5943 

35' 

IV 

7669.0636 

45.5775 

^" 

124' 

•8 

1235.7822 

35' 

2" 

7701.3946 

45.7697 

^" 

124'  lOi'^ 

1240  9810 

35' 

n" 

7733  7935 

45  0622 

W 

125' 

If^^ 

1246  1878 

35' 

7766  2423 

46.1551 

11" 

125' 

1251.4084 

35' 

Ai" 

7798.7771 

46.3484 

40' 

125' 

n 

'8 

1256.6400 

35' 

H" 

7831  3804 

46.5422 

1" 

125' 

11" 

1261.8794 

35' 

7864.0324 

46  7362 

2" 

126' 

2i" 

1267.1327 

35' 

w 

7896.7709 

46  9308 

3// 

126' 

61" 

1272.3970 

35' 

Si" 

7929  5781 

47.1257 

4// 

126' 

8r 

1277.6692 

35' 

9" 

7962.4344 

47.3211 

b" 

126' 

iir 

1282.9553 

35' 

10" 

7995.3774 

47.5168 

6^' 

127' 

2r 

1288.2523 

35'  10|'^ 

8028.2883 

47.7130 

T' 

127' 

6i" 

1293.5572 

35' 

iir 

8061.4484 

47.9095 

127' 

9" 

1298.8760 

36' 

r 

8094.5952 

48.1065 

128' 

¥ 

1304.2057 

36' 

ir 

8127.8099 

48.3039 

W 

128' 

1309.5433 

36' 

2r 

8161.0738 

48.5016 

11" 

128' 

1314.8949 

36' 

Si" 

8194.4250 

48.6998 

41' 

128' 

9%" 

1320.2574 

36' 

A\" 

8227.8441 

48.8984 

1" 

129' 

r 

1325.6276 

36' 

h" 

8261.3112 

49.0973 

2" 

129' 

Si" 

1331.0119 

36' 

hi" 

8294  8661 

49.2967 

Z" 

129' 

1" 

1336.4071 

36' 

8328.4890 

49.4965 

^" 

129'  lOY 

1341.8101 

36' 

ir 

8362. 1605 

49.6967 

h" 

130' 

ir 

1347.2271 

36' 

sr 

8395.9192 

49.8973 

130' 

1352.6551 

36' 

9r 

8429.7465 

50.0983 

130' 

11" 

1858  0908 

36' 

lor 

8463.6218 

50.2997 

^" 

130' 

1363  5406 

36'  lli^' 

8497  58,^0 

50  5015 

131' 

1 7// 

136Q  0012 

ST 

8531.6154 

50.7037 

W 

131' 

6" 

1 374  4607 

37' 

1" 

8565  6051 

50  9063 

11" 

131' 

Si" 

1379.9521 

37' 

li" 

8599.8614 

51.1093 

42' 

131' 

iir 

1000,'±'±0\J 

37' 

2r 

OUO-r.  yjVKJU 

.^1  .^128 

1" 

132' 

2V 

1390.2467 

37' 

sr 

8664.0174 

51.4906 

2" 

132' 

1396.4619 

37' 

AV 

8702.7505 

51.7208 

Z" 

132' 

sr 

1401.9880 

37' 

5r 

8737.1892 

51.9257 

4// 

132' 

111// 

-•^-^8 

1407.5219 

37' 

8771.6764 

52.1304 

5" 

133' 

3^^ 

1413.0698 

37' 

8806.2509 

52.3355 

6'' 

133' 

Qi" 

1418.6287 

37' 

sv 

8840.8940 

52.5418 

220     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  TATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIRCLES,  —  Co>iiinife(?. 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

iu  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

Area  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

133' 

9i" 

1424.1952 

37' 

9'' 

•  8875.5844 

52.7479 

134' 

'  ¥ 

1429.7759 

37' 

8910.3634 

52.9546 

9" 

134' 

1435.3675 

37' 

lOf' 

8945.2102 

53.1618 

134' 

1440.9668 

37' 

8980.1050 

53.3691 

134' 

ql'f 

1446.5802 

38' 

V 

9015.0878 

53.5770 

43' 

135' 

1452.2046 

38' 

IV 

9050.1390 

53.7853 

135' 

1457.8365 

38' 

2V 

9085.2370 

53.9939 

2" 

135' 

1463.4827 

38' 

sv 

9120.3741 

54.2030 

135'  lOi^' 

1469. 1397 

38' 

4V 

9155.6786 

54.4126 

A" 

136' 

ir 

1474.8044 

38' 

b" 

9190.9810 

54.6224 

h" 

136' 

1480.4833 

38' 

^8 

9226.3719 

54.8323 

136' 

•8 

1486.1731 

38' 

9261.7307 

55.0434 

136' 

11" 

1491.8705 

38' 

ir 

9297.3369 

55.2544 

8" 

137' 

2V 

1497.5821 

38' 

sv 

9332.9316 

55.8363 

9" 

131' 

bi" 

1503.3046 

38' 

9r 

9368.5942 

55.6779 

137' 

sr 

1509.0348 

38^  lOi^' 

9404.3048 

55.8902 

137' 

1514.7791 

38'  IIV 

9440.1033 

56.1029 

44' 

138' 

2r 

1520.5344 

38' 

9475.9703 

56.3161 

1" 

138' 

1526.2971 

39' 

1" 

9511.8835 

56.5295 

2" 

138' 

9" 

1532.0742 

39' 

-tiff 
-^8 

9547.8864 

56.7435 

2>" 

139' 

V 

1537.8622 

39' 

2V 

9583.9572 

56.9578 

4." 

139' 

Si" 

1543.6578 

39' 

sr 

9620.0754 

67.1725 

139' 

er 

1549.4776 

39' 

4V 

9656.2820 

57.3877 

139' 

9r 

1555.2883 

39' 

6r 

9692.5566 

57.6033 

V 

140' 

r 

1561.1165 

39' 

6V 

9728.8780 

57.8191 

140' 

sr 

1565.9591 

39' 

IV 

9765.2891 

58.0355 

^" 

140' 

w 

1572.8125 

39' 

S" 

9801.7675 

58.2523 

w 

140'  lOi^' 

1578.6735 

39' 

sv 

9838.2932 

58.4323 

11" 

141/ 

1584.5488 

39' 

9V 

9874.9081 

58.6499 

45' 

141' 

4r 

1590.4350 

39'  lOV 

9911.5909 

58.9050 

1" 

141' 

1596.3286 

39' 

ur 

9948.3198 

59.1233 

2" 

141' 

lov 

1602.2366 

40' 

V 

9985.1384 

59.3421 

Z" 

142' 

17// 
■•■8 

1608.1555 

40' 

ir 

10022.025 

59.5613 

4// 

142' 

b" 

1614.0819 

40' 

2V 

10058.958 

59.7808 

142' 

sv 

1620.0226 

40' 

SV 

10095.980 

60.0008 

142'  llj^' 

1625.9743 

40' 

4// 

10133.071 

60.2212 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  221 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CIUCIj^S,  —  Coyitinued. 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  — 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

ia  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

-A.rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

at  1  foot  in 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

143' 

1631.9334 

40'  4i" 

10170.208 

60.4420 

143' 

1637.9068 

40'  bl" 

10207  435 

60  6632 

143' 

S^" 

1643.8912 

40'  6i" 

10244.729 

60.8848 

10'^ 

143' 

li¥ 

1649.8831 

40'  1i" 

10277  070 

61  1068 

144' 

S" 

1655.8892 

40'  8i'' 

10319.501 

61.3292 

46' 

144' 

6^" 

1661.9064 

40'  9i" 

10357.000 

61.5521 

144' 

1667.9308 

40'  lOJ'' 

10394.544 

61.7752 

145' 

1" 

1673.9698 

40'  11 V 

10432.179 

61  9989 

145' 

Si" 

1680.0196 

41'  0" 

10469.880 

62.2229 

4" 

145' 

6|" 

1686.0769 

41'  V 

8 

10507  631 

02.4473 

145' 

91" 

1692.1485 

41'  li" 

10546.469 

62.6722 

146' 

li" 

1698.2311 

41'  2i" 

10583.376 

62.8974 

V 

146' 

4i" 

1704.3210 

41'  Si" 

10621.328 

63.1230 

^" 

146' 

7i" 

1710.4254 

41'  4^" 

10659.371 

63.3491 

^" 

146' 

10-1" 

1716.5407 

41' 

10607.481 

63.5756 

10" 

147' 

H" 

1722.6634 

41'  6i" 

10735.638 

63.8021 

11" 

14r 

^" 

1728.8005 

41'  7V' 

10773.884 

64.0296 

47' 

147' 

ii" 

1734.9486 

41'  7F 

10812.199 

64.2573 

1" 

147'  11" 

1741.1039 

41'  sy 

10850.559 

64  4853 

2" 

148' 

2i" 

1747.2738 

41'  9^" 

10889.010 

64.7138 

^" 

148' 

5i" 

1753.4545 

41'  lOf '' 

10927.528 

64.9427 

A" 

148' 

81" 

1759.6426 

41'  Hi" 

10966.092 

65.1719 

b" 

148'  Hi'' 

1765.8452 

42'  f' 

11004.747 

65.4017 

^" 

149' 

21" 

1772.0587 

42'  li" 

11043.469 

65.6318 

V 

149' 

5i" 

1778.2795 

42'  2i" 

11082.237 

65.8622 

%" 

149' 

8V 

1784.5148 

42'  Si" 

11121.096 

66.0931 

9" 

15«^ 

i" 

1790.7610 

42'  4" 

11160.022 

66.3245 

150' 

Si" 

1797.0145 

42'  4V 

11197.994 

66.5561 

11" 

150' 

61" 

1803.2826 

42'  b^" 

11238.057 

66.7882 

48' 

150' 

9i" 

1809.5616 

42'  6i'' 

11287.187 

67.0208 

1" 

151' 

r' 

1815.8477 

42'  7i'' 

11316.362 

67.2536 

2" 

151' 

3f" 

1822.1485 

42'  8|'' 

11366.629 

67.4870 

Z" 

151' 

"r 

1828.4602 

42'  9i" 

11394.963 

67,7209 

4" 

151'  lOV' 

1834.7791 

42'  lOi" 

11434.343 

67.9548 

6" 

152' 

li" 

1841.1127 

42'  11'' 

11473.814 

68.1893 

Q" 

152' 

4I" 

1847.4571 

43'  0" 

11513.352 

68.4243 

222     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCUMFERENCES  AND  AREAS  OF  CmCIu^S,  —  Concluded, 


Diameter 

Circum. 

Side  of  = 

Imperial  gal- 

Cubic yards 

in  feet  and 

in  feet  and 

i^rea  in  feet. 

square  in 

lons  at  1  foot 

clt  J.  1*J*JL  ill 

inches. 

inches. 

ft.  and  in. 

in  depth. 

depth. 

^ff 

152'  1^" 

1853.8087 

43' 

8 

11552  935 

V/<J.  \JO\J\J 

152'  lOf 

1860.1750 

43' 

ir 

11592  610 

153'  1^" 

1866.5521 

43' 

2r 

11632  352 

69.1315 

153' 

1872.9365 

43' 

sv 

11672.140 

69  3680 

153'  Si" 

1879.3355 

43' 

4r 

11712  018 

69  6050 

49' 

153'  lli'^ 

1885.7454 

43' 

bV 

11750.964 

69.8424 

1" 

154'  2V 

1892.1724 

43' 

11792  018 

70  0804 

2" 

154'  6i" 

1898.5041 

43' 

r 

11831  477 

XX<^t_IX»T.|  1 

70  3150 

154'  8f'^ 

1905.0367 

43' 

ir 

11872  188 

70  5569 

4" 

154'  11|'' 

1911.4965 

43' 

sr 

11912  446 

X  X  ty  X^«  TriV/ 

70.7961 

b" 

155'  2i" 

1917.9609 

43' 

9r 

11952.732 

71.0356 

u 

1  V  ft'^ 
±oo  u 

1Q94  4.9fi^ 

43' 

m" 

n" 

155'  9i" 

1930.9188 

43'  lli'^ 

12033.485 

71.5155 

8" 

156'  V 

1937.3159 

44' 

r 

12073.352 

71.7524 

9" 

156'  SV 

1943.9140 

44' 

12114.472 

71.9968 

w 

156'  6i" 

1950.4392 

44' 

2i" 

12155.137 

72.2385 

11" 

156' 

1956.9691 

44' 

S" 

12195.831 

72.4803 

50' 

157'  V 

1963.5000 

44' 

sr 

12236.532 

72.7222 

TABLE  OF  THE  CAPACITY  OF  CISTERNS  IN  GALLONS 
For  each  10'^  of  depth. 


Diameter 
in  feet. 

Gallons. 

Diameter 
in  feet. 

Gallons. 

Diameter 
in  feet. 

Gallons. 

Diameter 
in  feet. 

Gallons. 

2 

19.5 

5 

122.4 

8 

313.33 

12 

705.0 

2i 

30.6 

5i 

148.10 

Si 

353.72 

13 

827.4 

3 

44.06 

6 

176.25 

9 

396.56 

14 

959.6 

3i 

59.97 

6i 

206.85 

n 

461.4 

15 

1101.6 

4 

78.33 

7 

239.88 

10 

489.2 

20 

1958.4 

4i 

99.14 

275.4 

11 

592.4 

25 

3059.9 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  223 


TABLE  OF  THE  PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS, 
From     to  pitch. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

V 

r 

V 

V 

r 

V 

1" 

10 

0.405 

0.607 

0.809 

1.011 

1.214 

1.416 

1.618 

11 

0.444 

0.666 

0.887 

1.109 

1.331 

1.553 

1.775 

12 

0.483 

0.724 

0.966 

1.207 

1.449 

1.690 

1.932 

13 

0.522 

0.783 

1.045 

1.306 

1.567 

1.828 

2.089 

14 

0.562 

0.843 

1.123 

1.404 

1.685 

1.966 

2.247 

15 

0.601 

0.902 

1.202 

1.503 

1.804 

2.104 

2.405 

16 

0.641 

0.961 

1.281 

1.602 

1.922 

2.243 

2.563 

17 

0.680 

1.020 

1.361 

1.701 

2.041 

2.381 

2.721 

18 

0.720 

1.080 

1.440 

1.800 

2.160 

2.519 

2.879 

19 

0.759 

1.139 

1.519 

1.899 

2.278 

2.658 

3.038 

20 

0.799 

1.199 

1.598 

1.998 

2.397 

2.797 

3.196 

21 

0.839 

1.258 

1.677 

2.097 

2.516 

2.935 

3.355 

22 

0.878 

1.318 

1.757 

2.196 

2.635 

3.074 

3.513 

23 

0.918 

1.377 

1.836 

2.295 

2.754 

3.213 

3.672 

24 

0.958 

1.437 

1.915 

2.394 

2.873 

3.352 

3.831 

25 

0.997 

1.496 

1.995 

2.493 

2.992 

3.491 

3.989 

26 

1.037 

1.556 

2.074 

2.593 

3.111 

3.630 

4.148 

27 

1.077 

1.615 

2.154 

2.692 

3.230 

3.769 

4.307 

28 

1.116 

1.675 

2.233 

2.791 

3.349 

3.908 

4.466 

29 

1.156 

1.734 

2.312 

2.890 

3.468 

4.047 

4.625 

30 

1.196 

1.794 

2.392 

2.990 

3.588 

4.186 

4.783 

31 

1.236 

1.853 

2.471 

3.089 

3.707 

4.325 

4.942 

32 

1.275 

1.913 

2.551 

3.188 

3.826 

4.464 

5.101 

33 

1.315 

1.973 

2.630 

3.288 

3.945 

4.603 

5.260 

34 

1.355 

2.032 

2.710 

3.387 

4.064 

4.742 

5.419 

35 

1.394 

2.092 

2.789 

3.486 

4.183 

4.881 

5.578 

36 

1.434 

2.151 

2.868 

3.586 

4.303 

5.020 

5.737 

37 

1.474 

2.211 

2.948 

3.685 

4.422 

5.159 

5.896 

38 

1.514 

2.271 

3.027 

3.784 

4.541 

5.298 

6.055 

39 

1.553 

2.330 

3.107 

3.884 

4.660 

5.437 

6.214 

40 

1.593 

2.390 

3.186 

3.983 

4.780 

5.576 

6.373 

41 

1.633 

2.449 

3.266 

4.082 

4.899 

5.715 

6.532 

42 

1.673 

2.509 

3.345 

4.182 

S!oi8 

5.854 

6.691 

43 

1.712 

2.569 

3.425 

4.281 

5,137 

5.994 

6.850 

44 

1.752 

2.628 

3.504 

4.381 

5.257 

6.133 

7.009 

224     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  i'^  TO  1\  —  Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

V 

3  // 
8 

r 

V 

45 

1.792 

2.688 

3.584 

4.480 

5.376 

6.272 

7.168 

46 

1.832 

2.748 

3.663 

4.579 

5.495 

6.411 

7.327 

47 

1.871 

9  ft07 

74^ 

4.679 

5.614 

f\  Pi'^0 

7.486 

48 

1.911 

2.867 

3.822 

4.778 

5.734 

6.689 

7.645 

49 

1.951 

9  Q97 

^  Q09 

4  ft77 
'±.041 

5.853 

6.828 

7  ft04 

4  .OU'± 

50 

1.991 

^  Qft9 

O.  i/OZi 

4  Q77 

t.  t7  4  1 

5.972 

6.968 

7.963 

51 

2.031 

^  n4fi 

4  Ofi1 

07fi 

6.092 

7  107 

4  .  i-U  4 

8.122 

52 

2.070 

o.  xyjo 

A^A^ 

6.211 

7.246 

8.281 

53 

2.110 

3. 165 

A  990 

^  97P^ 

6.330 

7.385 

8.440 

54 

2.150 

3.225 

A  ^00 

Pi  ^7^ 

c).0  4c> 

6.449 

7.524 

8.599 

55 

2.190 

4  ^7Q 

^  474 

6.559 

7.663 

8.758 

56 

2.229 

3.344 

A  A'^Q 

Pi  Pi7^ 

6.688 

4 .  ouo 

8.917 

57 

2.269 

3.404 

4.538 

u.u  40 

6.807 

7.942 

9.076 

58 

2.309 

3.463 

4.618 

p^  779 

6.927 

8.081 

9.235 

59 

2.349 

3.523 

4.697 

^  S79* 
u.  0  4  ^ 

7.046 

8.220 

9.395 

60 

2.388 

3.583 

4  777 

"±.14  1 

^  Q71 

7.165 

8. 359 

9.554 

61 

2.428 

3.642 

4.856 

070 
u.u  4 u 

7.285 

8.499 

9.713 

62 

2.468 

3.702 

4.936 

170 
u.  1 4  u 

7.404 

8.638 

9.872 

63 

2.508 

^  7fi9 

5.015 

6.269 

7.523 

8.777 

10.031 

64 

2.548 

3.821 

5.095 

6.369 

7.643 

8.916 

10.190 

65 

2.587 

3.881 

5.175 

U.TcUO 

7.762 

9.055 

10.349 

66 

2.627 

3.941 

^  9*^4 

6. 568 

7.881 

9.195 

10.508 

67 

9  fifi7 

^.  UU  1 

4  000 

Pi  ^^4 

u.uu  4 

8.000 

9.334 

10.667 

68 

4-  OfiO 

41^ 

7fi7 

U.  4D  4 

8.120 

9.473 

10.826 

69 

2.746 

4.120 

Pi  40^ 

O.OUU 

8.239 

Q  ni  9 

10.985 

70 

4  17Q 

Pi  Pi79 

u.  yui> 

8.358 

9.752 

11.145 

71 

9  ft9R 

A  9^Q 

7  OAPi 
4.UDD 

8.478 

Q  ftQ1 

11.304 

72 

2.866 

A  9QQ 

Pi  7^1 

7  1fi4 

8.597 

10.030 

11.463 

73 

2.905 

A 

Pi  ft1  1 
O.Ol  L 

7  9fi4 

1  .iiU4: 

8.716 

10.169 

11.622 

74 

2.945 

4.418 

5.890 

7.363 

8.836 

10.308 

11.781 

i  o 

4  47ft 

7  /lAQ 
4 .  4DO 

8.955 

10  4ift 

11.940 

76 

3.025 

4.537 

6.050 

7.562 

9.074 

10.587 

12.099 

77 

3.065 

4.597 

6.129 

7.661 

9.194 

10.726 

12.258 

78 

3.104 

4.657 

6.209 

7.761 

9.313 

10.865 

12.417 

79 

3.144 

4.71* 

6.288 

7.860 

9.432 

11.004 

12.577 

80 

3.184 

4.776 

6.368 

7.960 

9.552 

11.144 

12.736 

81 

3.224 

4.836 

6.447 

8.059 

9.671 

11.283 

12.895 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  225 


PROPORTIOlSrAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  i'  TO  1",  —  Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

V 

¥ 

r 

V 

1' 

82 

3.263 

4.895 

6.527 

8.159 

9.790 

11.422 

13.054 

83 

3.303 

4.955 

6.6h7 

8.258 

9.910 

11.561 

13.213 

84 

3.343 

5.015 

6.686 

o.ooo 

10.029 

11.701 

13.372 

85 

3.383 

5.074 

6.766 

8.457 

10.148 

11.840 

13.531 

86 

3.423 

5.134 

6.845 

o.oou 

10.268 

11.979 

13.690 

87 

3.462 

5.194 

6.925 

8.656 

10.387 

12.118 

13.849 

88 

3.502 

5.253 

7.004 

8.755 

10.506 

12.258 

14.009 

89 

3.542 

5.313 

7.084 

8.855 

10.626 

12.397 

14.168 

90 

3.582 

5.373 

7.163 

8.954 

10.745 

12.536 

14.327 

91 

3.622 

5.432 

7.243 

9.054 

10.804 

12.675 

14.486 

92 

3.661 

5.492 

7.323 

9.153 

10.984 

12.815 

14.645 

93 

3.701 

5.552 

7.402 

9. 253 

11.103 

12.954 

14.804 

94 

3.741 

5.611 

7.482 

9.352 

11.223 

13.093 

14.963 

95 

3.781 

5.671 

7.561 

9.452 

11.342 

13.232 

15.122 

96 

3.820 

5.731 

7.641 

9.551 

11.461 

13.371 

15.282 

97 

3.860 

5.790 

7.720 

9.650 

11.581 

13.511 

15.44*1 

98 

3.900 

5.850 

7.800 

11.7C0 

13.650 

15.600 

99 

3.940 

5.910 

7.880 

9.841 

11.819 

13.789 

15.759 

100 

3.980 

5.969 

7.959 

9.949 

11.938 

13.928 

15.918 

101 

4.019 

6.029 

8.039 

10.048 

12.058 

14.068 

16.077 

102 

4.059 

6.089 

8.118 

10.148 

12.177 

14.207 

16.236 

103 

4.099 

6.148 

8.198 

10.247 

12.297 

14.346 

16.396 

104 

4.139 

6.208 

8.277 

10.347 

12.416 

14.485 

16.555 

105 

4.178 

6.268 

8.357 

10.446 

12.535 

14.625 

16.714 

106 

4.218 

6.327 

8.436 

10.546 

12.655 

14.764 

16.873 

4.258 

6.387 

8.516 

10.645 

12  774- 

14.903 

17.032 

108 

4.298 

6.447 

8.596 

10.744 

12.893 

15.042 

17.191 

109 

4.338 

6.506 

8.675 

13.013 

15.182 

17.350 

u.uuu 

o.  too 

10  Qi^ 

JLU.  V-t'j 

1*^  1^9 

15.321 

17.509 

111 

4.417 

6.626 

8.834 

11.043 

13. 25  J 

15.400 

17.669 

112 

4.457 

6.685 

8.914 

11.142 

13.371 

15.599 

17.828 

113 

4.497 

6.745 

8.993 

11.242 

13.490 

15.738 

17.987 

114 

4.536 

6.805 

9.073 

11.341 

13.609 

15.878 

18.146 

115 

4.576 

6.864 

9.153 

11.441 

13.729 

16.017 

18.305 

116 

4.616 

6.924 

9.232 

11.540 

13.848 

16.156 

18.464 

117 

4.656 

6.984 

9.312 

11.640 

13.968 

16.295 

18.623 

118 

4.696 

7.043 

9.391 

11.739 

14.087 

16.435 

18.782 

226     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  V  TO  1\  —  Continued. 


No.  of 

V 

r 

V 

1" 

teeth. 

119 

4.735 

7.103 

9.471 

11.839 

14.206 

16.574 

18.942 

120 

4.775 

7.163 

9.550 

11.938 

14.326 

16.713 

19.101 

121 

4.815 

7.222 

9.630 

12.037 

14.445 

16.852 

19.260 

122 

4.855 

7.282 

9.710 

12.137 

14.564 

16.992 

1Q  4.1Q 

123 

4.895 

7.342 

9.789 

12.236 

14.684 

17.131 

19.578 

124 

4.934 

7.402 

9.869 

12.336 

14.803 

17.270 

1Q  7^7 
±v,  tot 

125 

4.974 

7.461 

9.948 

12.435 

14.922 

17.410 

19.896 

126 

5.014 

7.521 

10.028 

12.535 

15.042 

17.549 

20  0.56 

127 

5.054 

7.581 

10.107 

12.634 

15.161 

17.688 

20.215 

128 

5.093 

7.640 

10.187 

12.734 

15.280 

17.827 

20.374 

129 

5.133 

7.700 

10.267 

12.833 

15.400 

17.966 

20 

130 

5.173 

7.760 

10.346 

12.933 

15.519 

18.106 

20  602 

131 

5.213 

7.819 

10.426 

13.032 

15.638 

18.245 

20.851 

132 

5.253 

7.879 

10.505 

13.132 

15.758 

18.384 

21.010 

133 

5.292 

7.939 

10.585 

13.231 

15.877 

18.523 

21.170 

134 

5.332 

7.998 

10.664 

13.331 

15.997 

18.663 

21.329 

135 

5.372 

8.058 

10.744 

13.430 

16.116 

18.802 

21.488 

136 

5.412 

8.118 

10.824 

13.529 

16.235 

18.941 

21.647 

137 

5.452 

8.177 

10.903 

13.629 

16.355 

19.080 

21.806 

138 

5.491 

8.237 

10.983 

13.728 

16.474 

19.220 

21.965 

139 

5.531 

8.297 

11.062 

13.828 

16.593 

19.359 

22.124 

140 

5.571 

8.356 

11.142 

13.927 

16.713 

19.498 

22.284 

141 

5.611 

8.416 

11.221 

14.027 

16.832 

19.637 

22.443 

142 

5.650 

8.476 

11.301 

14.126 

16.951 

1Q  777 

J.t7.  1  1  1 

22  602 

143 

5.690 

8.535 

11.381 

14.226 

17.071 

19.916 

22.761 

144 

5.730 

8.595 

11.460 

14.325 

17.190 

^j\J,  \JOO 

22  020 

145 

5.770 

8.655 

11.540 

14.425 

17.309 

20. 194 

23.079 

146 

5.810 

8.714 

11.619 

14.524 

17.429 

20.334 

23.238 

147 

5.849 

8.774 

11.699 

14.623 

17.548 

20.473 

148 

5.889 

8.^34 

11.778 

14.723 

17.668 

20.612 

23.557 

±'±a 

ft  ftQ*^ 

O.OoO 

xl.OOO 

14.822 

1 7  7ft7 

J.  4  •  1  O  1 

oq  71/? 

150 

5.969 

8.953 

11.938 

14.922 

17.906 

20.801 

23.875 

151 

6.009 

9.013 

12.017 

15.021 

18.026 

21.030 

24.034 

152 

6.048 

9.072 

12.097 

15.121 

18.145 

21.169 

24.193 

153 

6.088 

9.132 

12.176 

15.220 

18.264 

21.308 

24.352 

154 

6.128 

9.192 

12.256 

15.320 

18.384 

21.448 

24.512 

155 

6.168 

9.252 

12.335 

15.419 

18.503 

21.587 

24.671 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOK  GENERAL  USE.  227 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,      TO      — Continued, 


No.  of 

Iff 

8// 

5  If 

8.// 

I'f 

1  tf 
1 

teeth. 

4 

t 

t 

% 

f 

t 

166 

 _ 

6.207 

9.311 

12.415 

15.519 

18.622 

21.726 

24.830 

157 

6.247 

9.371 

12.494 

15.618 

18.742 

2L865 

24.989 

158 

6.287 

9.431 

12.574 

15.718 

18.861 

22.005 

25.148 

159 

6.327 

9.490 

12.654 

15.817 

18.980 

22.144 

25.307 

160 

6.367 

9.550 

12.733 

15.917 

19.100 

22.283 

25.466 

161 

6.406 

9.610 

12.813 

16.016 

19.219 

22.422 

25.626 

162 

6.446 

9.669 

12.892 

16.115 

19.339 

22.562 

25.785 

163 

6.486 

9.729 

12.972 

16.215 

19.458 

22.701 

25.944 

164 

6.526 

9.789 

13.052 

16.314 

19.577 

22.840 

26.103 

165 

6.566 

9.848 

13.131 

16.414 

19.697 

22.979 

26.262 

166 

6.605 

9.908 

13.211 

16.513 

19.816 

23.119 

26.421 

167 

6.645 

9.968 

13.290 

16.613 

19.935 

23.258 

26.580 

168 

6.685 

10.027 

13.370 

16.712 

20.055 

23.397 

26.740 

169 

6.725 

10.087 

13.449 

16.812 

20.174 

23.536 

26.899 

170 

6.764 

10.147 

13.529 

16.911 

20.293 

23.676 

27.058 

171 

6.804 

10.206 

13.609 

17.011 

20.413 

23.815 

27.217 

172 

6.844 

10.266 

13.688 

17.110 

20.532 

23.954 

27.376 

173 

6.884 

10.326 

13.768 

17.210 

20.651 

24.093 

27.535 

174 

6.924 

10.385 

13.847 

17.309 

20.771 

24.233 

27.694 

175 

6,963 

10.445 

13.927 

17.409 

20.890 

24.372 

27.854 

176 

7.003 

10.505 

14.006 

17.508 

21.010 

24.511 

28.017 

177 

7.043 

10.564 

14.086 

17.607 

21.129 

24.650 

28.172 

178 

7.083 

10.624 

14.166 

17.707 

21.248 

24.790 

28.331 

179 

7.123 

10.684 

14.245 

17.806 

21.368 

24.929 

28.490 

180 

7.162 

10.744 

14.325 

17.906 

21.487 

25.068 

28.649 

181 

7.202 

10.803 

14.404 

18.005 

21.606 

25.207 

28.808 

182 

7.242 

10.863 

14.484 

18.105 

21.726 

25.347 

28.968 

183 

7.282 

10.923 

14.563 

18.204 

21.845 

25.486 

29.127 

184 

7.321 

10.982 

14.643 

18.304 

21.964 

25.625 

29.286 

185 

7.361 

11.042 

14.723 

18.403 

22.084 

25.764 

29.445 

186 

7.401 

11.102 

14.802 

18.503 

22.203 

25.904 

29.607 

187 

7.441 

11.161 

14.882 

18.602 

22.323 

26.043 

29.763 

188 

7.481 

11.221 

14.961 

18.702 

22  442 

26.182 

29.923  . 

189 

7.520 

11.281 

15.041 

18.801 

22.561 

26.321 

30.082 

190 

7.560 

11.340 

15.120 

18.901 

22.681 

26.461 

30.241 

191 

7.600 

11.400 

15.200 

19.000 

22.800 

26.600 

30.400 

192 

7.640 

11.460 

15.280 

19.099 

22.919 

26.739 

30.559 

228     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEHN-MAKING. 


PROPOETIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  F  TO  1" ,  ^  Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

¥ 

V 

I" 

193 

7.689 

11.519 

15.359 

19.199 

23.039 

26.878 

30.718 

194 

7.719 

11.579 

15.439 

19.298 

23.158 

27.018 

30.877 

195 

7.759 

11.639 

15.518 

19.398 

23.277 

27.157 

31.037 

196 

7.799 

11.698 

15.598 

19.497 

23.397 

27.296 

31.196 

197 

7.839 

11.758 

15.677 

19.597 

23.516 

27.436 

31.355 

198 

7.879 

11.818 

15.757 

19.696 

23.636 

27.575 

31.514 

199 

7.918 

11.877 

15.837 

19.796 

23.755 

27.714 

31.673 

200 

7.958 

11.937 

15.916 

19.895 

23.874 

27.853 

31.832 

201 

7.998 

11.997 

15.996 

19.995 

23.994 

27.993 

31.991 

202 

8.038 

12.056 

16.075 

20.094 

24.113 

28.132 

32.151 

203 

8.077 

12.116 

16.155 

20.194 

24.232 

.28.271 

32.310 

204 

8.117 

12.176 

16.234 

20.293 

24.352 

28,410 

32.469 

205 

8.157 

12.236 

16.314 

20.393 

24.471 

28.550 

32.628 

206 

8.197 

12.295 

16.394 

20.492 

24.590 

28,689 

32.787 

207 

8.237 

12.355 

16.473 

20.591 

24  710 

28.828 

32.946 

208 

8.276 

12.415 

16.553 

20.691 

24.829 

28.967 

33.106 

209 

8.316 

12.474 

f6.632 

20.790 

24.948 

29.107 

33.265 

210 

8.356 

12.534 

16.712 

20.890 

25.068 

29.246 

33.424 

211 

8.396 

12.594 

16.791 

20.989 

25.187 

29.385 

33.583 

212 

8.436 

12.653 

16.871 

21.089 

25.307 

29.524 

33.742 

213 

8.475 

12.713 

16.951 

21.188 

25.426 

29.664 

33.901 

214 

8.515 

12.773 

17.030 

21.288 

25.545 

29.803 

34.060 

215 

8.555 

12.832 

17.110 

21.387 

25.665 

29.942 

34.220 

216 

8.595 

12.892 

17.189 

21.487 

25.784 

30.081 

34.379 

217 

8.634 

12.952 

17.269 

21,586 

25.903 

30.221 

34.538 

218 

8.674 

13.011 

17.349 

21.686 

26.023 

30.360 

34.697 

219 

8.714 

13.071 

17.420 

21.786 

26. 142 

30.499 

34.856 

220 

8.754 

13.131 

17.508 

21.885 

26.261 

30.638 

35.015 

221 

8.794 

13.190 

17.587 

21.984 

26.381 

30.778 

35.174 

222 

8.833 

13.250 

17.667 

22.084 

26.500 

30.917 

35.334 

223 

O.  O  1  o 

13.310 

22.183 

31.056 

35.493 

224 

8.913 

13.369 

17.826 

22.282 

26.739 

31.195 

5.652 

€25 

8.953 

13.429 

17.906 

22.382 

26.858 

31.335 

35.811 

226 

8.993 

13.489 

17.985 

22.481 

26.978 

31.474 

35.970 

227 

9.032 

13.548 

18.065 

22.581 

27.097 

31.613 

36.129 

228 

9.072 

13.608 

18.144 

22.680 

27.216 

31.752 

36.289 

229 

9.112 

13.668 

18.224 

22.780 

27.336 

31.892 

36.448 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOB  GENERAL  USE.  229 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,      TO      — Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

i 

3 
8 

1  // 

5  // 
8 

2_ff 

8 

1 1t 

230 

9.152 

13.728 

18.303 

22.879 

27.455 

32.031 

36.607 

231 

9.191 

13.787 

18.383 

22.979 

27.574 

32.170 

36.766 

232 

9.231 

13.847 

18.463 

23.078 

27.694 

32.309 

36.925 

233 

9.271 

13.907 

18.542 

23.178 

27.813 

32.449 

37.084 

234 

9.311 

13.966 

18.622 

23.277 

27.933 

32.588 

37.243 

235 

9.351 

14.026 

18.701 

23.377 

28.052 

32.727 

37.403 

236 

9.390 

14.086 

18.781 

23.476 

28.171 

32.867 

37.562 

237 

9.430 

14.145 

18.860 

23.576 

28.291 

33.006 

37.721 

238 

9.470 

14.205 

18.940 

23.675 

28.410 

33.145 

37.880 

239 

9.510 

14.265 

19.020 

23.774 

28.529 

33.284 

38.039 

240 

9.550 

14.324 

19.099 

23.874 

28.649 

33.424 

38.198 

241 

9.589 

14.384 

19.179 

23.973 

28.768 

33.563 

38.357 

242 

9.629 

14.444 

19.258 

24.073 

28.887 

33.702 

38.517 

243 

9.669 

14.503 

19.338 

24.172 

29.007 

33.841 

38.676 

244 

9.709 

14.563 

19.417 

24.272 

29.126 

33.981 

38.835 

245 

9.749 

14.623 

19.497 

24.371 

29.246 

34.120 

38.994 

246 

9.788 

14.682 

19.577 

24.471 

29.365 

34.259 

39.153 

247 

9.828 

14.742 

19.656 

24.570 

29.484 

34.398 

39.312 

248 

9.868 

14.802 

19.736 

24.670 

29.604 

34.538 

39.472 

249 

9.908 

14.861 

19.815 

24.769 

29.723 

34.677 

39.631 

250 

9.947 

14.921 

19.895 

24.869 

29.842 

34.816 

39.790 

251 

9.987 

14.981 

19.974 

24.968 

29.962 

34.955 

39.949 

252 

10.027 

15.041 

20.054 

25.068 

30.081 

35.095 

40.108 

253 

10.067 

15.100 

20.134 

25.167 

30.200 

35.234 

40.267 

254 

10.107 

15.160 

20.213 

25.267 

30.320 

35.373 

40.426 

255 

10.146 

15.220 

20.293 

25.366 

30.439 

35.512 

40.586 

256 

10.186 

15.279 

20.372 

25.465 

30.559 

35.652 

40.745 

257 

10.226 

15.339 

20.452 

25.565 

30.678 

35.791 

40.904 

258 

10.266 

15.399 

20.532 

25.664 

30.797 

35.930 

41.063 

259 

10.306 

15.458 

20.611 

25.764 

30.917 

36.069 

41.222 

260 

10.345 

15.518 

20.691 

25.863 

3L036 

36.209 

41.381 

261 

10.385 

15  578 

20.770 

25.963 

31.155 

36.348 

41.540 

262 

10.425 

15.637 

20.850 

26.062 

31.275 

36.487 

41.700 

263 

10.465 

15.697 

20.929 

26.162 

31.394 

36.626 

41.859 

264 

10.504 

15.757 

21.009 

26.261 

31,513 

36.766 

42.018 

265 

10.544 

15.816 

21.089 

26.361 

31.633 

36.905 

42.177 

266 

10.584 

15.876 

21.168 

26.460 

31.752 

37.044 

42.336 

230     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  i"  TO  1^  —  Concluded. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

i" 

¥ 

1" 

V 

1'' 

10.624 

15.936 

21.248 

26  560 

31.872 

37.183 

42.495 

10.664 

15.995 

21.327 

26  6.5Q 

31.991 

37.323 

42.655 

10.703 

16.055 

21.407 

26.759 

32.110 

37.462 

42.814 

970 

10.743 

16.115 

21.486 

26  858 

32  230 

37.601 

42.973 

971 

10.783 

16.175 

21.566 

26  ()58 

32.349 

37.741 

43.132 

272 

10.823 

16.234 

21.646 

27.057 

32.468 

37.880 

43.291 

97'^ 

10.863 

16.294 

21.725 

27.156 

32.588 

38.019 

43.450 

974 

10.902 

16.354 

21.805 

27.256 

32.707 

38. 158 

43.609 

275 

10.942 

16.413 

21.884 

27.355 

32  826 

38  9Q8 

43.769 

276 

10.982 

16.473 

21.964 

27.455 

32.946 

38.437 

43.928 

977 

11.022 

16.433 

22.043 

27.554 

33  065 

38.576 

44.087 

278 

1L062 

16.592 

22.123 

27.654 

33. 185 

38.715 

44.246 

279 

11.101 

16.652 

22  203 

27.753 

33.304 

38  855 

44.405 

280 

11.141 

16.712 

22.282 

27.853 

33.423 

38.994 

44.564 

281 

11.181 

16.771 

22  362 

27.952 

33.543 

39.133 

44.724 

282 

11  221 

16.831 

22.441 

28  052 

33  662 

39.272 

44.883 

283 

11.260 

16.891 

22.521 

28.151 

33.781 

39.412 

45.042 

284 

11.300 

16.950 

22  600 

28.251 

33.901 

39.551 

45.201 

285 

11.840 

17.010 

22.680 

28  350 

34.020 

30  600 

45.360 

286 

11.880 

17,070 

22.760 

28.450 

34.139 

30  829 

45.519 

287 

11.420 

17.129 

22.839 

28.549 

34.259 

39  069 

45.678 

288 

11.459 

17.189 

22.919 

28.648 

34.378 

40.108 

45.838 

289 

11.499 

17.249 

22  <^)Q8 

28.748 

34.498 

40.247 

45.997 

290 

11.539 

17.308 

23.078 

28.847 

34.617 

40.386 

46.156 

291 

11.579 

17.368 

23.158 

28.947 

34.736 

40.526 

46.315 

292 

11.619 

17.428 

23.237 

29.046 

34.856 

40.665 

36.474 

293 

11.658 

17.488 

23.317 

29.146 

34.975 

40.804 

46.633 

294 

1L698 

17.547 

23.396 

29.245 

oo.vv-t 

40  Q4^ 

4fi  7Q9 

295 

11.738 

17.607 

23.476 

29.345 

35.214 

41.083 

46.952 

296 

11.778 

17.667 

23.555 

29.444 

35.333 

41.222 

47.111 

297 

11.817 

17.726 

23.635 

29.544 

35.452 

41.361 

47.270 

298 

11.857 

17.786 

23.715 

29.643 

35.572 

41.500 

47.429 

299 

11.897 

17.846 

23.794 

29.743 

35.691 

41.640 

47.588 

300 

11.937 

17.905 

23.874 

29.842 

35.811 

41.779 

47.747 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  231 


TABLE  OF  THE  PROPORTIOKAL  RADII' OF  WHEELS, 
From  li''  to  3''  pitch. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

If^' 

2" 

2V 

2V 

3'' 

15 

3.006 

3.607 

4.209 

4.810 

5.411 

6.012 

7.215 

16 

3.2(14 

3.844 

4.485 

5.126 

5.767 

6.407 

7.689 

n 

3.401 

4.082 

4.762 

5.442 

6.122 

6.803 

8.163 

18 

3.599 

4.319 

5.039 

5.759 

6.479 

7.198 

8.638 

19 

3.797 

4.557 

5.316 

6.076 

6.835 

7.594 

9.113 

20 

3.995 

4.794 

5.593 

6.392 

7.192 

7.991 

9.589 

21 

4.193 

5.032 

5.871 

6.710 

7.548 

8.387 

10.064 

22 

4.392 

5.270 

6.148 

7.027 

7.905 

8.783 

10.540 

23 

4.590 

5.508 

6.426 

7.344 

8.262 

9.180 

11.016 

24 

4.788 

5.746 

6.704 

7.661 

8.619 

9.577 

11.492 

25 

4.987 

5.984 

6.981 

7.979 

8.976 

9.973 

11.968 

26 

5.185 

6.222 

7.259 

8.296 

9.333 

10.370 

12.444 

27 

5.384 

6.460 

7.537 

8.614 

9.691 

10.767 

12.921 

28 

5.582 

6.699 

7.815 

8.931 

10.048 

11.164 

13.397 

29 

5.781 

6.937 

8.093 

9.249 

10.405 

11.561 

13.874 

30 

5.979 

7.175 

8.371 

9.567 

10.763 

11.958 

14.350 

31 

6.178 

7.413 

8.649 

9.885 

11.120 

12.356 

14.827 

32 

6.376 

7.652 

8.927 

10.202 

11.478 

12.753 

15.303 

33 

6.575 

7.890 

9.205 

10.520 

11.835 

13.150 

15.780 

34 

6.774 

8.128 

9.483 

10.838 

12.193 

13.547 

16.257 

35 

6.972 

8.367 

9.761 

11.156 

12.550 

13.945 

16.734 

36 

7.171 

8.605 

10.040 

11.474 

12.908 

14.342 

17.211 

37 

7.370 

8.844 

10.318 

11.972 

13.266 

14.740 

17.688 

38 

7.569 

9.082 

10.596 

12.110 

13.623 

15.137 

18.164 

39 

7.767 

9.321 

10.874 

12.428 

13.981 

15.534 

18.641 

40 

7.966 

9  559 

11.152 

12.746 

14.339 

15.932 

19.118 

41 

8.165 

9.798 

11.431 

13.064 

14.696 

16.329 

19.595- 

42 

8.363 

10.036 

11.709 

13.382 

15.054 

16.727 

20.072 

43 

8.562 

10.275 

11.987 

13.700 

15.412 

17.124 

20.54t 

44 

8.761 

10.513 

12.265 

14.018 

15.770 

17.522 

21.026 

45 

8.960 

10.752 

12.544 

14.336 

l(nl28 

17.920 

21.503 

46 

9.159 

10.990 

12.822 

14.654 

16.485 

18.317 

21.981 

47 

9.357 

11.229 

13.100 

14.972 

16.843 

18.715 

22.458 

48 

9.556 

11.467 

18.379 

15.290 

17.201 

19.112 

22.935 

49 

9.755 

11.706 

13.657 

15.608 

17.559 

19.510 

23.412 

232     MODERN  MOULDING  AKD  PATTERN-MAKING. 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,        TO  S",  — Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

If' 

2" 

2V 

2\" 

3'' 

50 

9.954 

11.945 

13.935 

15.926 

17.917 

19.908 

51 

10.153 

12.183 

14.214 

16.244 

18.275 

20  .^O.*! 

24.366 

52 

10.351 

12.422 

14.492 

16.562 

18.633 

20.703 

24.843 

53 

10.550 

12.660 

14.770 

16.880 

18.990 

21.100 

25  rl20 

54 

10.749 

12.899 

15.049 

17.198 

19.348 

21.498 

25.798 

55 

10.948 

13.137 

15.327 

17.517 

19.706 

21.896 

26.275 

56 

11.147 

13.376 

15.605 

17.835 

20.064 

22  20,S 

26.752 

57 

11.346 

13.615 

15.884 

18.153 

20.422 

22.691 

27.229 

58 

11.544 

13.853 

16.162 

18.471 

20.780 

2.^  08Q 

27.706 

59 

11.743 

14.092 

16.441 

18.789 

21.138 

23.486 

28.184 

60 

11.942 

14.330 

16.719 

19.107 

21.496 

23.884 

28.661 

61 

12.141 

14.569 

16.997 

19.425 

21.854 

24.282 

29. 138 

62 

12.340 

14.808 

17.276 

19.744 

22.212 

24.680 

29.615 

63 

12.539 

15.046 

17.554 

20  062 

22.570 

25.077 

.^0  OQ.S 

64 

12.738 

15.285 

17.833 

20  ,SiS0 

22  928 

25.475 

30.570 

65 

12.936 

15.524 

18.111 

20  608 

23  285 

25.873 

31.047 

66 

13.135 

15.762 

18.389 

21.016 

23.643 

26.270 

31.525 

67 

13.334 

16.001 

18.668 

21.335 

24.001 

26  668 

32.002 

68 

13.533 

16.240 

18.946 

21.653 

24.359 

27.066 

32.479 

69 

13.732 

16.478 

19.225 

21.971 

24.717 

27.464 

32.956 

70 

13.931 

16.717 

19.503 

22  289 

25.075 

27.861 

33.434 

71 

14.130 

16.956 

19.781 

22.607 

25.433 

28  25Q 

33.911 

72 

14.328 

17.194 

20  060 

22.926 

25.791 

28.657 

34.388 

73 

14.527 

17.433 

20.338 

23.244 

26.149 

29  055 

34.866 

74 

14.726 

17  671 

20.617 

2.^  .^62 

26.507 

29.452 

35.343 

75 

14.925 

17.910 

20.895 

26  865 

20  850 

35  820 

76 

15.124 

18.149 

21.174 

24.198 

27.223 

30.248 

36  298 

77 

15.323 

18.387 

21.452 

24.517 

27.581 

30.646 

36.775 

78 

15.522 

18.626 

21.731 

24.835 

27.939 

31.044 

37.252 

79 

15.721 

18.865 

22.009 

25.153 

28.297 

31.441 

37.730 

ou 

Iv.  lUo 

^1  ft^Q 

81 

16.118 

19.342 

22.566 

25.790 

29.013 

32.237 

38.684 

82 

16.317 

19.581 

22.844 

26.108 

29.371 

32.635 

39.162 

83 

16.516 

19.820 

23.123 

26.426 

29.729 

33.033 

39.639 

84 

16.715 

20.058 

23.401 

26.744 

30.087 

33.430 

40.116 

85 

16.014 

20.297 

23.680 

27.063 

30.445 

33.828 

40.594 

86 

17.113 

20.536 

23.958 

27.381 

30.803 

34.226 

41.071 

PKACTICAL  TABLES  FOU  GENEBAL  USE.  233 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  1^'  TO  Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

2'' 

2i" 

Q  1  // 

3^' 

O  4 

17.312 

90  774 

4  4*1 

24.237 

27.699 

31.161 

34.624 

41.548 

oo 

17.511 

21.013 

24.515 

28.017 

31.519 

35.022 

42.026 

Oa 

17  710 

21.252 

24.794 

28.335 

31.877 

85.415 

42.503 

17.909 

21.490 

25.072 

28.654 

32.235 

35.817 

42.981 

18.107 

21.729 

25.350 

28.972 

32.593 

36.215 

43.458 

92 

18.306 

21.968 

25.629 

29.290 

32.952 

36.613 

43.935 

93 

18.505 

22  206 

%  \J\j 

25.907 

29.608 

33.309 

37.011 

44.413 

94 

18.704 

22.445 

26.186 

29.927 

33  668 

37.408 

44.890 

95 

18.903 

22.684 

26.464 

30.245 

34.026 

37.806 

45.367 

96 

19.102 

22.922 

26.743 

30.563 

34.384 

38. 204 

45.845 " 

Q7 

V  1 

19.301 

23.161 

27.021 

30.881 

34.742 

.38  602 

46.322 

98 

19. 500 

23.400 

27.3<  0 

31.200 

35.100 

30  000 

46.800 

99 

19.699 

23.638 

27.578 

31.518 

35.458 

39.397 

47.277 

100 

19.898 

23.877 

27.857 

31.836 

35.816 

39.795 

47.754 

101 

20.097 

24.116 

28.135 

32. 155 

36.174 

40.193 

48.232 

102 

20.295 

24.355 

28.414 

32.473 

36.532 

40.591 

48.709 

103 

20.494 

24.593 

28.692 

32.791 

36  890 

40.989 

49.187 

104 

20.693 

24.832 

28.971 

33.109 

37.248 

41.387 

49.664 

105 

20  892 

25.071 

29.249  - 

'  33.428 

37.606 

41.7.S4 

50.141 

106 

21.091 

25.309 

29  528 

33.746 

37.964 

50.619 

107 

21.290 

25. 548 

29  806 

34.064 

38.322 

42.580 

51.096 

108 

21.489 

25.787 

30.084 

34.382 

38  680 

42.978 

51.573 

109 

21.688 

26  025 

30  363 

34.7ul 

39  038 

43.376 

52.051 

110 

21.887 

26.264 

30.641 

35.019 

39.396 

43.774 

52  528 

111 

25>  0r^6 

30  Q20 

35.337 

39.754 

44.171 

53.006 

112 

22.285 

26. 742 

31.198 

35.655 

40.112 

44  ■i6Q 

53.483 

J-  iO 

22.484 

31.477 

35.974 

40.470 

44  Q67 

53. 960 

114 

22.682 

27.219 

31.755 

36.292 

40.8-8 

45.365 

54.438 

no 

22.881 

97  4^9, 

32.034 

36.610 

41.186 

4^^  7fi^ 

54.915 

116 

2.1080 

27.696 

32.312 

36.928 

41.544 

46.161 

55.393 

97  QQPl 

^9  P^QI 

^7  917 

O  4  .  ^4:  4 

i.1  QO'^ 

4:U.»JOa 

OO.O  t\J . 

118 

23.478 

28.174 

32.869 

37.565 

42.261 

46.956 

56.347 

119 

23.677 

28.412 

33.148 

37.883 

42.619 

47.354 

56.825 

120 

23.876 

28.651 

33.426 

38.202 

42.977 

47.752 

57.302 

121 

24.075 

28.890 

33.705 

38.520 

43.335 

48.150 

57.780 

122 

24.274 

29.129 

33.983 

38.838 

43.693 

48.548 

58.257 

123 

24.473 

29.367 

34.262 

39.156 

44.051 

48.945 

58.735 

234     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  1^'^  TO     .  —  Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

li'' 

If' 

2" 

2i" 

2i" 

3" 

124 

24.672 

29.606 

34.540 

39.475 

44.409 

49.343 

59.212 

125 

24.871 

29.845 

34.819 

39.793 

44.767 

49.741 

59.690 

126 

25.070 

30.083 

35.097 

40.111 

45. 125 

50.139 

60. 167 

127 

25.268 

30.322 

35.376 

40.429 

45.483 

50.537 

60.644 

128 

25.467 

30.561 

35.654 

40.748 

45.841 

50.935 

61.122 

129 

25.666 

30.800 

35.933 

41.066 

46.199 

51.333 

61.599 

130 

25.865 

3L038 

36.211 

41.384 

46.557 

51.730 

62.077 

131 

26.064 

31.277 

36.490 

41.703 

46.915 

52.128 

62.554 

132 

26.263 

3L516 

36.768 

42.021 

47.274 

52.526 

63.031 

133 

26.462 

31.754 

37.047 

42.339 

47.632 

52.924 

63.500 

134 

26.661 

31.993 

37.325 

42.657 

47.990 

53.322 

63.986 

135 

26.860 

32.232 

37.604 

42.976 

48.348 

53.720 

64.464 

136 

27.059 

32.471 

37.882 

43.294 

48.706 

54.118 

64.941 

137 

27.258 

32.709 

38.161 

43.612 

49.064 

54.515 

65.418 

138 

27.457 

32.948 

38.439 

43.931 

49.422 

54.913 

65.896 

139 

27.656 

33.187 

38.718 

44.249 

49.780 

55.311 

66.373 

140 

27.855 

33.426 

38.996 

44.567 

50.138 

55.709 

66.851 

141 

28.053 

33.664 

39.275 

44.885 

50.496 

56.107 

67.328 

142 

28.252 

33.903 

39.553 

45.204 

50.854 

56.505 

67.806 

143 

28.451 

34.141 

39.832 

45.522 

51.212 

56.902 

68.283 

144 

28.650 

34.380 

40.110 

45.840 

51.570 

57.300 

68.760 

145 

28.849 

34.619 

40.389 

46.159 

51.928 

57.698 

69.238 

146 

29.048 

34.858 

40.667 

46.477 

52.286 

58.096 

69.715 

147 

29.247 

35.096 

40.946 

46.795 

52.645 

58.494 

70. 193 

148 

29.446 

35.335 

41.224 

47.113 

53.003 

58.892 

70.670 

149 

29.645 

35.574 

41.503 

47.432 

53.361 

59.290 

71.148 

150 

29.844 

35.813 

41.781 

47.750 

53.719 

59.687 

71.625 

151 

30.043 

36.051 

42.060 

48.068 

54.077 

60.085 

72.102 

152 

30.242 

36.290 

42.338 

48.387 

54.435 

60.483 

72.580 

153 

30.441 

36.529 

42.617 

48.705 

54.793 

60.881 

73.057 

154 

36.767 

42.895 

49.023 

55.151 

61.271 

73.535 

155 

30.838 

37.006 

43.174 

49.341 

55.509 

61.677 

74.012 

156 

31.037 

37.245 

43  452 

49.660 

55.867 

62.075 

74.490 

157 

31.236 

37.483 

43.731 

49.978 

56.225 

62.472 

74.967 

158 

31.435 

37.722 

44.009 

50.296 

56.583 

62.870 

75.444 

159 

3L634 

37.961 

44.288 

50.615 

56.941 

63.268 

75.922 

160 

31.833 

38  200 

44.566 

50.933 

57.299 

76.399 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  235 


PROPORTIOlSrAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  IJ'^  TO     ,  — Continued, 


No.  of 
teeth. 

ir 

If'' 

2" 

21'' 

2^" 

3'' 

lUl 

32.032 

QO  4.QQ 

44.845 

51.251 

57.658 

64.064 

7f>  877 

I  U.  O  4  4 

32.231 

38.677 

45.123 

51.569 

58.016 

64.462 

77  :^^4 

4  4 . 0'J'± 

163 

32.430 

38.917 

45.402 

51.888 

58.374 

64.860 

77.832 

164 

39.155 

45.680 

52  206 

58. 732 

65.258 

78.309 

165 

32.828 

30  303 

45.959 

52.524 

50  000 

6o .  Got) 

78.786 

166 

33.027 

30  632 

46.237 

52.843 

59.448 

66.053 

79.264 

-LU  1 

33.226 

39.871 

46.516 

53.161 

50  <S06 

66.451 

79.741 

168 

33.425 

40. 109 

46.794 

53.479 

60.164 

66.849 

80.219 

169 

33  623 

40.348 

47.073 

53.797 

60.522 

67.247 

80  606 

33.822 

40.587 

47.351 

54. 116 

60.880 

67. 645 

81.174 

171 

34.021 

40.826 

47.630 

54.434 

61.238 

68.043 

81.651 

34.220 

41.064 

47.908 

54.752 

61.596 

68.440 

82.129 

173 

34.419 

41.303 

48. 187 

55.071 

61.954 

68  838 

82  606 

174 

34.618 

41.542 

48.465 

55.389 

62.313 

69.236 

83.083 

17.'S 
J.  It-* 

34.817 

41.780 

48.744 

55.707 

62.671 

69.634 

83.561 

176 

35.016 

42.019 

49.022 

56  026 

63.029 

70.032 

84.038 

177 

35.215 

42.258 

49.301 

56.344 

63.387 

70.430 

84.516 

178 

35.414 

42.497 

49.579 

56  662 

63.745 

70.828 

84.993 

179 

35.613 

42.735 

49.858 

56  080 

64.103 

71.226 

85.471 

180 

35.812 

42.974 

50.136 

57.209 

64.461 

71.623 

85.948 

181 

36.011 

43.213 

50.415 

57.617 

64.819 

72.021 

86.425 

182 

36.210 

43.451 

50  603 

57.935 

65.177 

72.419 

86  903 

183 

36.408 

43.600 

50.972 

58.254 

65.535 

72.817 

87.380 

184 

36.607 

43.929 

51.250 

58. 572 

65.893 

73.215 

87.858 

185 

36  806 

44.168 

51.529 

58.890 

66.251 

73.613 

88.335 

186 

37.005 

44.406 

51.807 

^SO  208 

66.610 

74.011 

88.813 

187 

37.204 

44.645 

52.(185 

59. 527 

fi6  068 

74.408 

89.290 

188 

37.403 

44.884 

52.364 

59.845 

67.326 

74.806 

89.768 

189 

37.602 

45.123 

52.643 

60.163 

67.684 

75.204 

90.245 

190 

37.801 

45.361 

52.921 

60.482 

68.042 

75.602 

90.722 

1Q1 

OO.  ^yjyj 

zLOO 

7fi  000 

Q1  900 

192 

38.199 

45.839 

53.478 

61.118 

68.758 

76.398 

91.077 

193 

38.398 

46.077 

53.757 

61.437 

69.116 

76.796 

92.155 

194 

38.597 

46.316 

54.035 

61.755 

69.474 

77.194 

92.632 

195 

38.796 

46.555 

54.314 

62.073 

69.832 

77.591 

93.110 

196 

38.995 

46.794 

54.593 

62.391 

70.190 

77.999 

93.587 

197 

39.194 

47.032 

54.871 

62.710 

70.548 

78.387 

94.065 

236     MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEEN-MAKING. 


PKOPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  l}'^  TO  3^  —  Continued, 


No.  of 
teeth. 

1 

13// 
^4 

2" 

2\" 

2i'' 

3'' 

198 

39.393 

47.271 

55. 150 

63.028 

70.907 

78.785 

94.542 

199 

39.591 

47.510 

55.428 

63.346 

71.265 

79. 183 

95.019 

200 

39.790 

47.748 

55.707 

63  665 

71.623 

79.581 

95.497 

201 

39  989 

47.987 

55.985 

63  983 

71.981 

79.979 

95.974 

202 

40.188 

48.226 

56.264 

64.301 

72.339 

80.377 

96.452 

203 

40.387 

48.465 

56.542 

64.619 

72.697 

80. 774 

96.929 

204 

40.586 

48.703 

56.821 

64.938 

73.055 

81.172 

97.407 

205 

40.785 

48.942 

57.099 

65  256 

73.410 

81.570 

97.884 

206 

40.984 

49.181 

57.378 

65.574 

7.^  771 

81.968 

98.362 

207 

41.183 

49.420 

57.656 

65  893 

74. 129 

82  366 

98  839 

208 

41.382 

49.658 

57.935 

66.211 

74  4S7 

82.764 

99.317 

209 

41.581 

49.897 

58.213 

66  520 

\J\J  •  AdfJ 

74.845 

83.162 

99.794 

210 

41.780 

50. 136 

58.492 

66.848 

75.204 

83  560 

100.271 

211 

41.979 

50.374 

58.770 

67.166 

7^  ^fi9 

83.957 

100.749 

212 

42.178 

50.613 

59.049 

67.484 

75.920 

84.355 

101.226 

213 

42.377 

50.852 

59.327 

67.803 

76.278 

84.753 

101.704 

214 

42.576 

51.091 

59  606 

68.121 

76.636 

85.151 

102.181 

215 

42.774 

51.329 

59.884 

68.439 

76. 994 

85.549 

102.659 

216 

42.973 

51.568 

60.163 

68.757 

77.352 

85.947 

103.136 

217 

43.172 

51.807 

60.441 

69.076 

77  710 

86.345 

103.614 

218 

43.371 

52.046 

60.720 

69.394 

78.068 

86.743 

104.091 

219 

43.570 

52.284 

60.998 

69.712 

78.426 

87. 140 

104.568 

220 

43.769 

52.523 

61.277 

70.031 

78.784 

87.538 

105  046 

221 

43.968 

52.762 

61.555 

70.349 

79.143 

87.936 

105  .52,3 

222 

44.162 

61.834 

70.667 

79.501 

88.334 

106  001 

223 

44.366 

53.239 

62.112 

70.986 

79.859 

88.732 

106.478 

224 

44.565 

53.478 

62.391 

71.304 

80.217 

89.130 

106  056 

225 

44.764 

53.717 

62  66Q 

71.622 

80.575 

89.528 

107.433 

226 

44.963 

53 

62.948 

71.940 

GO  Q^.^ 

107.911 

227 

45.162 

54.194 

63.226 

72.259 

81.291 

90.323 

108.388 

228 

45.361 

UO.OUfJ 

ftl  ^4Q 

90.721 

10ft  R(\(\ 

229 

45.560 

54.672 

63.783 

72.895 

82.007 

91.119 

109.343 

230 

45.759 

54.910 

64.062 

73.214 

82.365 

91.517 

109.820 

231 

45.957 

55.149 

64.340 

73.532 

82.723 

91.915 

110.298 

232 

46.156 

55.388 

.64.619 

73.850 

83.082 

92.313 

110.775 

233 

46.355 

55.626 

64.897 

74.169 

83.440 

92.711 

111.253 

234 

46.554 

55.865 

65.176 

74.487 

83.798 

93.109 

111.730 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  237 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  1^'  TO  S\  —  Continued. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

11// 

i±// 

1  a// 

9// 

91// 

91  // 

Off 

0 

235 

46.753 

56.104 

65.454 

74.805 

84.156 

93.506 

112.208 

236 

46.952 

56.343 

65.733 

75.123 

84.514 

93.904 

112.685 

237 

47.151 

56.581 

66.012 

75.442 

84.872 

94.302 

113.163 

238 

47.350 

56.820 

66.290 

75.760 

85.230 

94.700 

113.640 

239 

47.549 

57.059 

66.569 

76.078 

85.588 

95.098 

114.117 

240 

47.748 

57.297 

66.847 

76.397 

85.946 

95.496 

114.595 

241 

47.947 

57.536 

67.126 

76.715 

86.304 

95.894 

115.072 

242 

48.146 

57.715 

67.404 

77.033 

86.662 

96.292 

115.550 

243 

48.345 

58.014 

67.683 

77.352 

87.020 

96.689 

116.027 

244 

48.544 

58.252 

67.961 

77.670 

87.379 

97.087 

116.505 

245 

48.743 

58.491 

68.240 

77.988 

87.737 

97.485 

116.982 

246 

48.942 

58.730 

68.518 

78.306 

88.095 

97.883 

117.460 

247 

49.140 

58.969 

68.797 

78.625 

88.453 

98.281 

117.937 

248 

49.339 

59.207 

69.075 

78.943 

88.811 

98.679 

118.415 

249 

49.538 

59.446 

69.354 

79.261 

89.169 

99.077 

118.892 

250 

49.737 

59.685 

69.632 

79.580 

89.527 

99.475 

119.369 

251 

49.936 

59.923 

69.911 

79.898 

89.885 

99.872 

119.847 

252 

50.135 

60.162 

70.189 

80.216 

90.243 

100.270 

120.324 

253 

50.334 

60.401 

70.468 

80.535 

90.601 

100.668 

120.802 

254 

50.533 

60.640 

70.746 

80.853 

90.959 

101.066 

121.279 

255 

50.732 

60.878 

71.025 

81.171 

91.318 

101.464 

121.757 

256 

60.931 

61.117 

71.303 

81.489 

91.676 

101.862 

122.234 

257 

51.130 

61.356 

71.582 

81.808 

92.034 

102.260 

122.712 

258 

51.329 

61.595 

71.860 

82.126 

92.392 

102.658 

123.189 

259 

51.528 

61.833 

72.139 

82.444 

92.750 

103.055 

123.667 

260 

51.727 

62.072 

72.417 

82.763 

93.108 

103.453 

124.144 

261 

•51.926 

62.311 

72.696 

83.081 

93.466 

103.851 

124.621 

262 

52.125 

62.549 

72.974 

83.399 

93.824 

104.249 

125.099 

263 

52.323 

62.788 

73.253 

83.718 

94.182 

104.647 

125.576 

264 

52.522 

63.027 

73.531 

84,036 

94.540 

105.045 

126.054 

265 

52.721 

63.266 

73.810 

84.354 

94.898 

105.443 

126.531 

266 

52.920 

63.504 

74.088 

84.673 

95.257 

105.841 

127.009 

267 

53.119 

63.743 

74.367 

84.991 

95.615 

106.239 

127.486 

268 

53.318 

63.982 

74.645 

85.309 

95.973 

106.636 

127.964 

269 

53.517 

64.221 

74.924 

85.627 

96.331 

107.034 

128.441 

270 

53.716 

64.459 

75.202 

85.946 

96.689 

107.432 

128.919 

271 

53.915 

64.698 

75.481 

80.264 

97.047 

107.830 

129.396 

238     MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 


PROPORTIONAL  RADII  OF  WHEELS,  1^'  TO     ,  — Concluded. 


No.  of 
teeth. 

11// 

13// 

2' 

oi// 

Ol// 
^2 

272 

54.114 

64.937 

75.760 

86.582 

97.405 

108  228 

273 

54.313 

65.175 

76.038 

86.901 

97.763 

108  626 

130.351 

274 

54.512 

65.414 

76.317 

87.219 

98.121 

109.024 

1.^0  828 

275 

54.711 

65.653 

76.595 

87.537 

98.479 

109  422 

131  306 

276 

54.910 

65.892 

76.874 

87.856 

98.837 

109.819 

131.783 

277 

55.109 

66.130 

77.152 

88.174 

99.196 

110.217 

132.261 

278 

55.308 

66.369 

77.431 

88.492 

99.554 

110.615 

132  738 

279 

55.507 

66  608 

77.709 

88.810 

99.912 

111.013 

216 

280 

55.705 

66.847 

77.988 

89.129 

100.270 

111.411 

133  693 

281 

55.904 

67.085 

78.266 

89.447 

100  628 

111.809 

134.171 

282 

56.103 

67.324 

78.545 

89.765 

100.986 

112.207 

134.648 

283 

56.302 

67.563 

78.823 

90.084 

101.344 

112.605 

135.125 

284 

56.501 

67.801 

79. 102 

90.402 

101.702 

1 1  ,S  002 

135  603 

285 

56.700 

68.040 

79.380 

90.720 

102.060 

113.400 

136.080 

286 

56.899 

68.279 

79.659 

91.039 

102.418 

113.798 

136.558 

287 

57.098 

68.518 

79.937 

91.357 

102.776 

114.196 

137.035 

288 

57.297 

68.756 

80.216 

91.675 

103.135 

114.594 

137.513 

289 

57.496 

68  995 

80.494 

91.993 

103.493 

114.992 

137  990 

290 

57.695 

69.234 

80.773 

92.312 

103.851 

115.390 

138.468 

291 

57.894 

69.473 

81.051 

92.630 

104.209 

115.788 

138.945 

292 

58  098 

69.711 

81.330 

92.948 

104.567 

116.185 

139.423 

293 

58.292 

69.950 

8L608 

93.267 

104.925 

116.583 

139.900 

294 

58.491 

70.189 

81.887 

93.585 

lO.'S  28?> 

116.981 

140.377 

295 

58.690 

70.427 

82.165 

93.903 

105.641 

117.379 

140.855 

296 

58.888 

70.666 

82.444 

94.222 

105.999 

117.777 

141.333 

297 

59.087 

70.905 

82.722 

94.540 

106.357 

118.175 

141.810 

298 

59.286 

71.144 

83.001 

94.858 

106.715 

118.573 

142.287 

299 

59.485 

71.382 

83.279 

95.177 

107.074 

118.971 

142.765 

300 

59.684 

71.621 

83.558 

95.495 

107.432 

119.369 

143.242 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  239 


A  TABLE  OF  NUMBERS  FOR  OBTAINING  THE  RADIUS 
OF  ANY  WHEEL,  HAVING  ANY  NUMBER  OF  TEETH, 

From  i'^  to  6^  pitch,  advancing  by  eighths. 


Pitch. 

Multiplier. 

Pitch. 

Multiplier. 

i" 

.0199 

.4973 

i" 

.0398 

.5172 

r 

.0597 

.5371 

V 

.0796 

.557 

r 

.0995 

.577 

i" 

.1194 

31'^ 

.5968 

r 

.1393 

sr 

.6167 

1" 

.1591 

4." 

.6366 

H" 

.179 

^" 

.6505 

H" 

.199 

.6764 

^8 

.2188 

4.3// 

.6963 

.2387 

4^' 

.7162 

.2586 

4f'' 

.7361 

.2785 

4f'' 

.756 

.2984 

^" 

.776 

2" 

.3183 

.7957 

.3382 

^¥ 

.8157 

.3581 

.8356 

2r 

.378 

.8555 

2V 

.3979 

.8754 

.4178 

.8953 

2f" 

.4377 

.9152 

2r 

.4576 

.9351 

.4775 

.955 

Rule.  — Multiply  the  decimal  number  opposite  the  required 
pitch  by  the  number  of  teeth,  and  the  product  will  be  the 
radius  of  the  wheel. 


240     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


TABLE  OF  DIAMETERS,  CIRCUMFERENCES,  AND  AREAS 
^  ^  ^  OF  CIRCLES, 

And  the  contents  in  gallons  (of  231  cubic  inches)  at  1  foot  in  depth. 


Diameter. 

Circumference. 

Area. 

Oallons. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

3.1416 

.7854 

.04084 

I" 

3.5343 

.9940 

.05169 

4 

3.9270 

1.2271 

.06380 

8 

4.3197 

1.4848 

.07717 

V 

4.7124 

1.7671 

.09188 

B 

5. 1051 

2.0739 

.10782 

4 

5.4978 

2.4052 

.12506 

5.8905 

2.7611 

.14357 

6.2832 

3.1416 

.16333 

6.6759 

3.5465 

.18439 

7.0686 

3.9760 

.20675 

8 

7.4613 

4.4302 

.23036 

7.8540 ' 

4.9087 

.25522 

8.2467 

5.4119 

.28142 

4 

8.6394 

5.9395 

.30883 

■J" 
8 

9.0321 

6.4918 

.33753 

9.4248 

7.0686 

.36754 

8 

9.8175 

7.6699 

.39879 

4 

10.210 

8.2957 

.43134 

o 

10.602 

8.9462 

.46519 

2 

10.995 

9.6211 

.50029 

8 

11.388 

10.320 

.53664 

f 

11.781 

11.044 

.57429 

12.173 

11.793 

.61324 

12.566 

12.566 

.65343 

12.959 

13.364 

.69493 

13.351 

14.186 

.73767 

1" 

13.744 

15.033 

.78172 

i" 

14.137 

15.904 

.82701 

r 

14.529 

16.800 

.87360 

14.922 

17.720 

.92144 

15.315 

18.665 

.97058 

5" 

15.708 

19.635 

1.02102 

16.100 

20.629 

1.07271 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOB  GENERAL  Ut 


CIRCLES,  —  Continued, 


Diameter. 

Circumference. 

Area. 

Gallons. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

i 

1  A   1 0Q 
lD.4yo 

91  «/17 

l.lzoo4 

t 

lO.OOD 

09  AOA 

zz.  oyu 

1.1 ivoo 

i 

1  '7  OTQ 
1  i.iSiO 

1.23542 

5  ff 
t 

1  <.D<i 

94  QXA 

I.ZvZZk) 

t 

lo.Uo4 

zO.VioT 

1.35128 

t 

lo.4o  1 

97  1  AQ 

1.4Ut;0Z 

D 

9Q  97/1 

zo.Z  <4 

l.^i'jZO 

ly.  Z4:i^ 

Zy.4D4 

l.O'^Zio 

t 

on  ft70 

ou.o  <y 

l.oyool 

t 

on  n97 

oi.yiy 

i.ooy  <y 

1  // 

ZU.4ZU 

oo.  loo 

1  79^1^9 

on  Q1  Q 

QJ.  zl7l 

o4.4  <  1 

1  70940 

1.  <yz4y 

f 

01  on^i 

OO.  lo4 

1  QA077 

•rr/ 

01  f^QQ 

Q7  1  99 

l.yoUo4 

< 

91  QQ1 

zi.yyi 

OO.  4o4 

O  001 1 7 

8 

09  OQQ 

QQ  Q71 
oy.  o  1  I 

0  07'^90 

± 

99  77A 

At  9Q9 

9  14AAA 
Z.  14000 

f 

9Q  1  AO 

49  71  Q 

O  991 Q4 

Xtr 

44. 1  <o 

0  0079/^ 

z.zy  i zo 

5.// 
8 

9Q  QPiA 

4D.D0O 

O  Q74zlQ 
Z.O |44o 

t 

94  Qzl7 

47  17Q 
4  1. 1  jO 

O  41^900 

z.4ozyy 

7;// 
■& 

O  l  7/in 

707 
4o. <U 1 

Z.OoZ  i  0 

ft// 
o 

OK  i  Q9 

yu.zoo 

0  A1 Q7Q 
Z.Dlo  to 

ZO.OlO 

fii  ftiQ 

Ol.  o-±o 

O  AOfiOQ 

z.Dyouy 

Iff 

i 

Of^  Ol  Q 

0O.400 

O  77071 

z.  <  <y  1 1 

•iff 

8 

Ofi  '^1A 

OO.UoO 

Z.o040o 

m 

0£»  7nQ 
ZD. lUo 

OO.  140 

0  0^074 

z.you  <4 

f 

07  OOft 

0O.4Z0 

o.UoolO 

f 

97  /IQQ 

<^0  1  Q9 

O.  IZOoO 

F 

27.881 

61.862 

3.21682 

n// 

28.274 

OO.OlT 

O  OAOAO 

o.oUbUo 

V 

28.667 

65.396 

3.40059 

i' 

29.059 

67.200 

3.49440 

r 

29.452 

69.029 

3.58951 

29.845 

70.882 

3.68586 

r 

30.237 

72.759 

3.78347 

r 

30.630 

74.662 

3.88242 

242     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


CIRCLES,  —  Continued, 


Diameter. 

Circumference. 

Area. 

Gallons. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

V 

31.023 

76.588 

3.98258 

10" 

31.416 

78.540 

4.08408 

V 

31.808 

80.515 

4.18678 

32.201 

82.516 

4.29083 

32.594 

84.540 

4.39608 

¥ 

32.986 

86.590 

4.50268 

a 

33.379 

88.664 

4.61053 

33.772 

90.762 

4.71962 

V 

34.164 

92.885 

4.82846 

34.557 

95.033 

4.94172 

V 

35.950 

97.205 

5.05466 

¥ 

35.343 

99.402 

5.16890 

35.735 

101.623 

5.28439 

36.128 

103.869 

5.40119 

a 

36.521 

106.839 

5.51923 

36.913 

108.434 

5.63857 

V 

37.306 

110.753 
Feet. 

5.75916 

r 

3'  1¥ 

.7854 

5.8735 

r  V 

3'  W 

.9217 

6.8928 

r  2" 

3'  8'' 

1.0690 

7.9944 

V 

3' ll'^ 

1.2271 

9.1766 

V  4^' 

4'  2^' 

1.3962 

10.4413 

1'  5^' 

4'  m" 

1.5761 

11.7866 

V  ^" 

4'  8i'' 

1.7671 

13.2150 

V  V 

4'  llf'' 

1.9689 

14.7241 

V  8'' 

5'  21" 

2.1816 

16.3148 

V  ^" 

8 

2.4052 

17.9870 

V  w 

5'  9'' 

2.6398 

19.7414 

V  11" 

6'  2¥ 

2.8852 

21.4830 

2' 

6'  3-1" 

3.1416 

23.4940 

2'  V 

6'  6i'' 

3.4087 

25.4916 

2'  2" 

6'  9f'' 

3.6869 

27.5720 

2' 

r  f^' 

3.9760 

29.7340 

2'  4'' 

7'  3^'' 

4.2760 

32.6976 

2'  fi" 

7'  7'' 

4.5869 

34.8027 

2'  6'' 

7'  lOi'' 

4.9087 

36.7092 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  243 


CIRCLES,  —  Continued. 


Diameter. 

Circumference. 

Area. 

Gallons. 

Feet. 

2/  7// 

8'  If' 

5.2413 

36.1964 

2'  8^' 

8'  4V 

5.5850 

41.7668 

2'  9'^ 

8'  7f^' 

5.9395 

44.4179 

2'  10^^ 

8'  lOj" 

6.3049 

47.1505 

2'  11' 

9'  IV 

6.6813  • 

49.9654 

3' 

9'  5^' 

7.0686 

52.8618 

3'  1" 

9'  Si" 

7.4666 

55.8382 

3'  2^' 

9'  llf' 

7.8757 

58.8976 

3'  3'^ 

10'  2^^' 

8.2957 

62.0386 

3/  4// 

10'  5f" 

8.7265 

65.2602 

3'  6' 

10'  8f'' 

9.1683 

68.5193 

3'  6^^ 

10'  11|^' 

9.6211 

73.1504 

3/  7// 

11'  3" 

10.0846 

75.4166 

3'  8'^ 

11'  6V' 

10.5591 

78.9652 

3'  9^^ 

11'  9|^' 

11.0446 

82.5959 

3'  10^' 

12' 

11.5409 

86.3074 

3'  IV 

12' 

12.0481 

90.1004 

4' 

12'  6i" 

12.5664 

93.9754 

4/  1// 

12'  9|'' 

13.0952 

97.9310 

4/ 

13'  1" 

13.6353 

101.9701 

4/  3// 

13'  4i'' 

14.1862 

103.0300 

4/  4// 

13'  7i'' 

14.7479 

110.2907 

4/  5// 

13'  lOi'' 

15.3206 

114.5735 

4/  Qff 

14'  If" 

15.9043 

118.9386 

4/  7// 

14'  4f" 

16.4986 

123.3830 

4/  3// 

14'  7|" 

17.1041 

127.9112 

4/  9// 

14'  11'' 

17.7205 

132.5209 

15' 

18.3476 

137.2105 

4/  11// 

15'  5i" 

18.9858 

142.0582 

15'  SV 

19.6350 

146.8384 

5'  1^' 

15'  111" 

20.2947 

151.7718 

5'  2" 

16'  2|" 

20.9656 

156.7891 

5'  3'^ 

16'  5|" 

21.6475 

161.8886 

5'  4^' 

16'  9" 

22.3400 

167.0674 

17'  V 

23.0437 

172.3300 

17'  3i" 

23.7583 

177.6740 

5'  r 

17'  6|" 

24.4835 

183.0973 

244     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTEKN-MAKING. 


CIRCLES,  —  Continued, 


Diameter. 

Circumference. 

Area. 

Gallons. 

Feet. 

17'  91" 

25.2199 

188.6045 

5'  9'' 

18'  1" 

25.9672 

194.1930 

5'  10'' 

18'  3|" 

26.7251 

199.8610 

5'  11'' 

18'  7i" 

27.4943 

205.6133 

6' 

18'  lOi" 

28.2744 

211.4472 

6'  3" 

19'  7i" 

30.6796 

229.4342 

6'  6" 

20'  4|" 

33.1831 

248.1504 

6'  9" 

21'  2|" 

35.7847 

267.6122 

T 

21'  111" 

38.4846 

287.8032 

7'  3" 

22'  9i" 

41.2825 

308.7270 

T  6" 

23'  6f" 

44.1787 

330.3859 

T  9" 

24'  4i" 

47.1730 

352.7665 

8' 

25'  li" 

50.2656 

375.9062 

8'  3" 

25'  11" 

53.4562 

399.7668 

8'  6" 

26'  8|" 

56.7451 

424.3625 

8'  9" 

27'  5f" 

60.1321 

449.2118 

9' 

28'  3i" 

63.6174 

475.7563 

9'  3" 

29'  f" 

67.2007 

502.5536 

9'  6" 

29'  lOi" 

70.8823 

530.0861 

9'  9" 

30'  7i" 

74.6620 

558.3522 

10' 

31'  5" 

78.5400 

587.3534 

10'  3" 

32'  2|" 

82.5160 

617.0876 

10'  6" 

32'  llf " 

86.5903 

647.5568 

10'  9" 

33'  9i" 

90.7627 

678.2797 

11' 

34'  6f" 

95.0334 

710.6977 

11'  3" 

35'  4i" 

99.4021. 

743.3680 

11'  6" 

36'  li" 

103.8691 

776.7746 

11'  9" 

36'  10|" 

108.4342 

810.9143 

12' 

37'  8|" 

113.0976 

848.1890 

12'  3" 

38'  5f" 

117.8590 

881.3966 

12'  6" 

39'  3i" 

122  7187 

917  7395 

12'  9" 

40'  f" 

127.6765 

954.8159 

13' 

40'  10" 

132.7326 

992.6274 

13'  3" 

41'  W 

137.8867 

1031.1719 

13'  6" 

42'  4|" 

143.1391 

1070.4514 

13'  9" 

43'  2i" 

148.4896 

1108.0645 

14' 

43'  llf" 

153.9384 

1151.2129 

PRACTICAL  TABLES  FOR  GENERAL  USE.  245 


CIRCLES,  —  Concluded. 


Diameter. 

Circumference. 

Area. 

Gallons. 

Feet. 

14' 

44'  W 

159.4852 

1192.6940 

14'  6'' 

45'  6^" 

165. 1303 

1234.9104 

14'  9" 

46'  4'' 

170.8735 

1277.8615 

15' 

47'  IV 

176.7150 

1321.5454 

15'  3'' 

47'  101" 

182.6545 

1365.9634 

15'  6'' 

48'  Si" 

188.6923 

1407.5165 

15'  9^' 

49'  5|'' 

194.8282 

1457.0032 

16' 

50'  Si" 

201.0624 

1503.6250 

16'  3'' 

51'  V 

207.3946 

1550.9797 

16'  6" 

51'  10'' 

213.8251 

1599.0696 

16'  9" 

52'  7|" 

220.3537 

1647.8930 

17' 

53'  4i" 

226.9806 

1697.4516 

17'  3'' 

54' 

233.7055 

1747.7431 

17'  6' 

54'  llf '' 

240.5287 

1798.7698 

17'  9'^ 

55'  9|'' 

247.4500 

1850.5301 

18' 

56'  6V 

254.4696 

1903.0254 

18' 

57'  4" 

261.5872 

1956.2537 

18'  6'' 

58'  If' 

268.8031 

2010.2171 

18'  9'' 

58'  lOf " 

276.1171 

2064.9140 

246      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 

The  American  standard  gallon  contains  231  cubic  inches, 
or  8 J  pounds  of  pure  water.  A  cubic  foot  contains  62.3 
pounds  of  water,  or  7.48  gallons.  Pressure  per  square  inch 
is  equal  to  the  depth  or  head  in  feet  multiplied  by  .433. 
Each  27.72  inches  of  depth  gives  a  pressure  of  one  pound  to 
the  square  inch.  Multiplying  imperial  gallons  by  1.2  will 
convert  them  into  American  standard  gallons  of  231  cubic 
inches. 


WEIGHTS  OF  MATERIALS. 


Per  Cubic  Foot. 

Per  Cubic  Foot. 

lbs. 

lbs. 

62.3 

116-144 

137 

144 

112 

Slate   

178 

Coal,  anthracite  (soUd) 

100 

Common  gravel    .  . 

109 

"  (broken) 

57 

102 

bituminous  .    ,  . 

77-90 

98 

Coke  ....... 

62-104 

125 

164-172 

Common  soil    .    .  . 

137 

Plaster  of  Paris    .    .  . 

73.5 

165 

169-175 

* 

1  bushel  of  bituminous  coal  weighs  80  pounds :  28  bushels  =  1  ton 
of  2,240  pounds. 


DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS. 


247 


DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS. 


TABLE  OF  FRACTIONS  OF  A  LINEAL  INCH  CONVERTED 
INTO  DECIMALS. 


8ths. 

32d8. 

64th8. 

i  =  .125 

3V  =  .03125 

=  .015625 

i3  ^  .515625 

i  =  .25 

3%  =  .09375 

-g3^-  rz  .046875 

U  =  .546875 

1  =  .375 

-3^,-  =  .15625 

-^Af  =  .078125 

II  =  '.578125 

i  =  .50 

3V  =  .21875 

/4-  =  .  109375 

U  =  .609375 

f  =  .625 

3^'2-  =  .28125 

^9^-  =  .140625 

=  .640625 

i  =  .75 

11  =  .34375 

H  =  .17185 

15  =  .671875 

i  =  .875 

=  .40625 

a  =  .203125 

It  =  .703125 

16ths. 

i5  =  .46875 

M  =  .234375 

41  =  .734375 

-iV  =  .0625 

=  .53125 

■il  =  .265625 

U  =  .765625 

A  ==.1875 

if  =  .59375 

is  =  .296875 

M  =  .796875 

1^6-  =  .3125 

U  =  .65625 

li  =  .328125 

15  =  .828125 

=  .4375 

=  .71875 

li  =  .359375 

U  =-.859375 

1%  =  .5625 

If  =  .78125 

If  =  .390625 

II  =  .890625 

1^  =  .6875 

|7  =  .84375 

II  =  .421875 

15  =  .921875 

if  =  .8125 

•    M  =  .90625 

It  =  .453125 

=  .953125 

=  .9375 

li  =  .96875 

31  =  .484375 

t5  .984375 

CONVERSION  OF  FRACTIONS  OF  AN  INCH  INTO  DECI- 
MALS OF  A  LINEAL  FOOT. 


^^ff  =  0.001375' 

|//  =  0.03125' 

^'f  =  0.00265' 

=  0.04166' 

^Lg-//  =  0.005208' 

=  0.05208' 

=0.01041' 

=  0.0625' 

V'  =  0.02083' 

i''  =  0.07291' 

248      MODERK  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


A  TABLE  OF  THE  RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS; 

Or,  the  decimal  fractions  corresponding  to  vulgar  fractions  of  which 
the  numerator  is  unity,  or  1. 


Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

1 

2 

1 

09<^^71 49Q 

1 

¥8 

01470!=iQQ9 

1 
3 

QQoqqqqqq 
.  ooooooooo 

1 

T6 

n9777777Q 

1 

69 

0144097^4 

1 

¥ 

1 

37 

(^97097097 

1 

70 

0149Q^71  J. 

1 

i 

9 

1 

38 

AOrtqi  fs7QQ 

1 

7T 

ni4n-'^4=si  7 

1 

•  J.UUUUUUU  1 

1 

39 

09^^^4.109^ 

.  \JZiO\)^X\JZi\J 

1 

72 

01  '^>^S,8R8Q 

1 

i4.0Qp;7i4.q 

•  Lrt^OO  ^  XrtO 

1 

?0 

1 

73 

01 ^fiQ^fiQ 

•  v/iOUt/OUO 

1 

8 

1 

TT 

094*^00944 

1 

7T 

01  '^M  ^?it4 

1 

■g" 

.111111111 

1 
T2 

09'^Q0Q594 

1 

7T 

.U ±0000000 

1 

To 

1 

.  X 

1 

T3 

09Q9'=;p\Q14 

1 

7¥ 

1 

TT 

OQ0QOQOQ1 

1 
TT 

09979797Q 

77 

01 9Qft701 ^ 

1 
T2 

.  yJOOOOOOOO 

1 

TT 

1 

78 

01 9Q90!^1 

1 

T3 

1 

T6 

0917'^Q1  'X 

1 

79 

1 

T7 

071498571 

1 

T7 

09197A« 

1 

80 

019^ 

1_ 
To 

•  vUUUUUUvJ  1 

1 

T8 

090.8^^^^^ 

1 

ST 

01  oq4e;fi7Q 

1 
T^ 

0^9^ 

1 

T9 

09040<^1 

1 

82 

01  91  Q=^1  99 

1 

T7 

O^RQ9-^5i9Q 

1 

To 

09 

1 

83 

01 904ft1 

1 

1  8 

.yj'joO'J'jooxj 

1 

■51 

01 0(^0784*^ 

1 

8T 

Oil  0047^^9 

1 
T9 

nPi9f^^1  ^7Q 

1 

Z2 

01 09*^07/^0 

1 

8  5 

All  7ri470A 

1 

^0 

1 

Ts 

01  Q^^A709^ 

1 

86 

A1 1 fi07Q07 

1 

2T 

1 

TT 

01  Q^l ft^l Q 

1 

87 

A1  l4Q49^;q 

1 

22 

1 

T5 

01Q1Q181ft 

1 

88 

01  1  ^(^t^fi'^A 

1 

23 

1 

T6 

01 7«^^714^ 

1 

89 

A1  1  OQ^^QPir^ 

•  A 

.041666667 

1 

T7 

.01754386 

1 

90 

.011111111 

1 

IT 

1 

f\1^9J.1  Q7Q 

1 

9  1 

Al AQQQAl 1 

.038461538 

.016949153 

1 

■^2 

.010869565 

if 

.037037037 

.016666667 

1 

93 

.0107'2688 

.035714286 

eV 

.016393443 

1 

9T 

.010638298 

1 

29 

.034482759 

JL 
62 

.016129032 

JL 
95 

.010526316 

1 

¥0 

.033333333 

1 

63 

.015873016 

.010416667 

1 

JT 

.032258065 

.015625 

.010309278 

1 

3  2 

.03125 

.015384615 

.010204082 

1 

"33 

.030303030 

.015151515 

t 

.01010101 

.029411765 

.014925373 

rio 

.01 

RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Cou^inuec?. 


Fraction 

• 

JJecimal 

• 

h  raction 

• 

jJecimai 

Fraction 

• 

JL'ecimai 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

1 

10  1 

.00990099 

1 

137 

.00729927 

1 

1?  3 

.005780347 

10  2 

.009808922 

T¥¥ 

.007246377 

1 

.005747126 

To  3 

.009708738 

1 

13  9 

.007194245 

A^ 
173 

.005714286 

1 

10? 

.009615385 

1 

l¥0 

.007142857 

A^ 
17  6 

.005681818 

1 

1  03' 

.00952381 

A^ 
141 

.007092199 

1 

177 

.005649718 

1 

10  6 

.009433962 

Arr 
l¥2 

.007042254 

A^ 

l78 

.005617978 

1 

107 

.009345794 

1 

l¥3 

.006993007 

Aa 
l79 

.005586592 

To'¥ 

.009259259 

At 
144 

.006944444 

•  T¥o" 

.005555556 

10  9 

.009174312 

1 

lT3 

.006896552 

At 
18  1 

.005524862 

■An 
110 

.009090909 

1 

l¥6 

.006849315 

] 

18  2 

.005494505 

111 

.009009009 

147 

.006802721 

T8"3 

.005464481 

Ao 

112 

.008928571 

14  8 

.006756757 

18  4 

.005434783 

1 

113 

.008849558 

_1_ 
l¥  9 

.006711409 

18  5 

.005405405 

1 1¥ 

.00877193 

1 

i3(r 

.006666667 

.005376344 

A^ 

115 

.008695652 

15  1 

.006622517 

_1 
187 

.005347594 

1 

116 

.00802069 

_i_ 
15  2 

.006578947 

_i_ 

18  8 

.005319149 

1 

1 17 

.008547009 

_1_ 
15  3 

.006535948 

_1_ 
18  9 

.005291005 

1 

118 

.008474576 

ih 

.006493500 

1 

.005263158 

TTQ 
119 

.008403361 

ih 

.006451613 

_1_ 

.005235602 

T2^0^ 

.008333333 

_i_ 

.006410256 

_1_ 

.005208333 

A^ 

1  21 

.008264463 

1 

1  57 

.006369427 

_i_ 
19  3 

.005181347 

Ao 

12  2 

.008196721 

_1_ 

l38 

.006329114 

19  4 

.005154639 

1 

T2  3 

.008130081 

_i_ 

15  9 

.006289308 

19  5 

.005128205 

1 

1  2¥ 

.008064516 

1_ 
16  0 

.00625 

T¥6^ 

.005102041 

A^ 

1  23 

.008 

16  1 

.00621118 

T9^7 

.005076142 

1 

12  6 

.007936508 

_1 
16^ 

.00617284 

19  8 

.005050505 

1 

1  2T 

.007874016 

.006134969 

_1_ 
19  9 

.005025126 

T'2¥ 

.0078125 

1 

161" 

.006097561 

_1_ 
2  0  0 

.005 

1 

12  9 

.007751938 

1 

1 

.006060606 

1 

20  1 

.004975124 

1 

130 

.007692308 

1 

166 

006024096 

Ao 
2  0  2 

.004950495 

1 

T3T 

.007633588 

1 

T67 

.005988024 

203 

.004926108 

ih 

.007575758 

lij 

.005952381 

2^? 

.004901961 

1 

T33" 

.007518797 

lid 

.00591716 

2^3 

.004878049 

1 

T3T 

.007462687 

T7o 

.005882353 

.004854069 

T33 

.007407407 

T^T 

.005847953 

2  if 

.004830918 

1 

136 

.007352941 

T72 

.005813953 

1 

20  8 

.004807692 

250      MODERi^  MOTJJuDI^TQ  ;^Ai^D< vPATl^l::BN'MAKmG. 


RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Continued, 


rjictioii 

• 

±jecim£il 

raction 

• 

JL)ecimai 

b  raction 

• 

iJecimal 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

.004784689 

2  4  5 

.004081633 

2  8  1 

.003558719 

2T0 

.004761905 

_1_ 
2?6 

.004065041 

2¥2 

.003546099 

2TT 

.004739336 

_  1 
2T7 

.004048583 

_1_ 
2  8  3 

.003533569 

2T2 

.004716981 

2¥¥ 

.004032258 

2  8? 

.003522127 

_i_ 
2  13 

.004694836 

2?  9" 

.004016064 

.003508722 

_i 
2  1? 

.004672897 

_i_ 
2  5  0 

.004 

286 

.003496503 

2T'3' 

.004651163 

2  5  1 

.003984064 

2  87 

.003484321 

_i_ 

2  16 

.00462963 

2^5^2 

.003968254 

2  8  8 

.003472222 

2  iT 

.004608295 

1 

2  5  3 

.003952569 

.003460208 

2  18 

.004587156 

2  5  4 

.003937008 

!i! 

.003448276 

_i 
2  l¥ 

.00456621 

2  5  5 

.003921569 

.003436426 

_1_ 
2  2  0 

.004545455 

1 

2  5  6 

.00390625 

.003424658 

_1 
2  2T 

.004524887 

_1 
23^7 

.003891051 

_i  _ 

.003412969 

2  2  2 

.004504505 

_1_ 
2  5  8 

.003875969 

2^? 

.003401361 

2  2  3 

.004484305 

2^5^¥ 

.003861004 

2¥3 

.003389831 

2  2  4 

.004464286 

_1_ 
2  6  0 

.  .003846154 

■2^5" 

.003378378 

2  23^ 

.004444444 

2  6^T 

.003831418 

2¥7 

.003367003 

2  2  6 

.004424779 

_1_ 
2  6  2 

.003816794 

_1_ 

.003355705 

2  2  7 

.004405286 

_1_ 
2  6  3 

.003802281 

_1_ 

.003344482 

_1_ 

.004385965 

2  6¥ 

.003787879 

_1_ 

.003333333 

!i! 

2  2  9 

.004366812 

1 

2  e'F 

.003773585 

_1_ 
3  0  1 

.003322259 

1 

2  3  0 

.004347826 

2^6" 

.003759398 

_i_ 
3  0  2 

.003311258 

_i 
2  3T 

.004329004 

2  67 

.003745318 

_1_ 
3  0  3 

.00330133 

2  3  2 

.004310345 

2l6  F 

.003731343 

_1.^ 

.003289474 

2  3  3 

.004291845 

_1 
2^^ 

.003717472 

1 

.003278689 

2  3? 

.004273504 

270 

.003703704 

!l! 

.003267974 

2  3  T 

.004255319 

2  7  1 

.003690037 

¥i7 

.003257329 

_i_ 
2  3  6 

.004237288 

"272 

.003676471 

.003246753 

1 

2  37 

.004219409 

1 

273 

.003663004 

1 

¥0"^ 

.003236246 

1 

238 

004201681 

27? 

1 

3  10 

.003225806 

1 

239 

.0041841 

^73 

.003636364 

six 

.003215434 

1 

2?0 

.004166667 

27B" 

.003623188 

_i_ 

3  12 

.003205128 

1 

2?T 

.004149378 

1 

^77 

.003610108 

5"T3 

.003194888 

.004132231 

278 

.003597122 

7iT 

.003184713 

.004115226 

27"^ 

.003584229 

3T3 

.003174603 

.004098361 

1 

280 

.003571429 

3T^ 

.003164557 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS.  251 


RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Confinwed 


Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

.003154574 

.002832861 

.002570694 

ITT? 

.003144654 

.002824859 

I 

1J9U 

.002564103 

UTF 

.003134796 

1 

.002816901 

.002557545 

.003125 

1 

.002808989 

i 

.00255102 

Fir 

.003115265 

.00280112 

I 

19S 

.002544529 

.00310559 

.002793296 

1 

■3  9"  4 

.002538071 

.003095975 

1 

.002785515 

lis" 

.002531646 

■  I 

.00308642 

I 

l'6'U 

.002777778 

.002525253 

.003076923 

I 

IWT 

.002770083 

1 

3"'gT 

.002518892 

1 

.0( '3067485 

1 

.002762481 

.002512563 

.003058104 

I 

.002754821 

.002506266 

.00304878 

1 

■J6T 

.002747253 

4  0  0 

.0025 

.003039514 

1 

.002739726 

1 

4  OT 

.002493766 

.003030303 

1 

3  6"S' 

.00273224 

1 

4  OY 

.002487562 

Tir 

.008021148 

1 

.002724796 

TUT 

.00248139 

1 

ITU? 

.003012048 

] 

1T68" 

.002717391 

4"DT 

.002475248 

1 

.003003003 

1 

3  6? 

.002710027 

1 

Tos" 

.002409136 

1 

.002994012 

I 

UTO 

.002702703 

.002463054 

.002985075 

1 

37T 

.002695418 

1 

4  OT 

.002457002 

.00297619 

^"72" 

.002688172 

1 

4  0  8 

.00245098 

I 

.002967359  " 

3+7 

.002680965 

4W 

.002444988 

.00295858 

1 

3  7  4 

.002673797 

_i_ 
4  1  0 

.002439024 

.002949853 

lio 

.002666667 

jiT 

.00243309 

.002941176 

1 

^7'B' 

.002659574 

.002427184 

1 

. .002932551 

1 

ITT 

.00265252 

1 

4  1  3 

.002421308 

.002933977 

1 

17  8 

.002645503 

1 

4TT 

.002415459 

I 

.002915452 

^k 

.002638521 

-rb 

.002409639 

1 

.002906977 

1 

.002631579 

1 

4TB' 

.002406846 

.002898551 

1 

38T 

.002624672 

.002398082 

.002890173 

.002617801 

•4T¥ 

.002392344 

.002881844 

ail" 

.002610966 

I 

Trg" 

.002386635 

.002873563 

.002604167 

■42'0 

.002380952 

.00286533 

.002597403 

1 

4  2  1 

.002375297 

.002857143 

^If 

.002590674 

.002369668 

T5-T 

.002849003 

sir 

.002583979 

1 

4  2  3 

.002364066 

1 

.002840909 

.00257732 

.002358491 

252      MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Con(m?(e(?. 


Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

425 

.002852941 

4  6  1 

.002169197 

i 
¥97 

.002012072 

?2  6 

.002347418 

4  6^ 

.002164502 

i_ 
¥9  8 

.002008032 

.00234192 

¥6^3" 

.002159827 

.002004008 

¥2  8 

.002336449 

4  6¥ 

.002155172 

1 

'5~0  0 

.002 

¥2'9 

.002331002 

A^ 

4  6  5 

.002150538 

_  1 
0  0  1 

.001996008 

4  3  0 

.002325581  . 

¥6"5' 

.002145923 

Son 

.001992032 

A^ 
431 

.002320186 

Ar 

¥6  7 

.002141328 

30^3^ 

.001988072 

Ao 
4  3  2 

.002314815 

¥6"S' 

.002136752 

50¥ 

.001984127 

Ao 
43  3 

.002309469 

¥6"S" 

.002132196 

5  0  5 

.001980198 

1 

¥3¥ 

.002304147 

¥70 

.00212766 

"3"oF 

.001976285 

1 

¥3  0" 

.002298851 

471 

.002123142 

5  0  7 

.001972387 

1 

¥3  6 

.002293578 

A^ 

4  7  2 

.002118644 

To"  8" 

.001968504 

Aw' 

¥37 

.00228833 

1 

¥7'5 

.002114165 

To"? 

.001964637 

¥'3¥ 

.002283105 

At 
¥7¥ 

.002109705 

5  10 

.001960784 

As 
¥3  9 

.002277904 

1 

¥73" 

.002105263 

At 

511 

.001956947 

1 

¥¥^ 

.002272727 

At^ 
4  7  6 

.00210084 

1 

Tl^ 

.001953125 

1 

¥¥T 

.002267574 

4  77 

.002096486 

A^- 

5  13 

.001949318 

1 

¥¥2 

.002262443 

At 

4  7  8 

.00209205 

xlx 
Tl¥ 

.001945525 

1 

¥¥3 

.002257336 

A-s 

¥79 

.002087683 

5  15 

.001941748 

1 

¥¥¥ 

.002252252 

1 

.002083333 

516 

.001937984 

1 

¥¥? 

.002247151 

At 

48  1 

.002079002 

5T7 

.001934236 

44  6 

.002242152 

¥8^^ 

.002074689 

5  18^ 

.001930502 

¥¥7 

.002237136 

Att 
¥8  3 

.002070393 

Att 
5  19 

.001926782 

A^ 

¥¥8 

.002232143 

At 
¥8¥ 

.002066116 

1 

"3^2  0 

.001923077 

A-s 

¥¥9 

.002227171 

Att 
¥8  5 

.002061856 

1 

"5"2T 

.001919386 

xItt 
4  5  0 

.002222222 

¥8"S' 

.002057613 

"3"  2"  2" 

.001915709 

¥51 

.002217295 

A^ 

It  87 

.002053388 

3"2^"5" 

.001912046 

Ao 
¥3^2 

.002212389 

As- 

¥8¥ 

.00204918 

T2¥ 

.001908397 

1 

¥53 

.002207506 

¥¥¥ 

.00204499 

.001904762 

1 

¥o¥ 

00990964.^ 

1 

¥9'(T 

T2l5^ 

»\J\J ±ijyj i  jlrri 

.002197802 

¥¥T 

.00203666 

Ti7 

.001897533 

¥i^ 

.002192982 

¥^2 

.00203252 

sij 

.001893939 

¥3-7 

.002188184 

¥¥3 

.002028398 

.001890359 

.002183406 

¥¥¥ 

.002024291 

1 

T30 

.001886792 

.002178649 

1 

¥97 

.002020202 

T"JT 

.001883239 

1 

¥6(7 

.002173913 

¥¥¥ 

.002016129 

.001879699 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS.  253 


RECIPEOCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Co?2imwe(?. 


J:  idCUiUil 

1"^  Ar*i  m  n  1 

1^           TYi  *"1  1 

J-^  llidi 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Recii^rocal. 

i_ 

3^3  3 

.001876173 

.001757469 

_1 

6  03 

.001652893 

5  3  4 

.001872059 

_  1  ^ 

.001754386 

.001650165 

5  3  5 

.001869159 

5"YT 

.001751313 

6  0  7 

.001647446 

3^  "36" 

.001865672 

67^ 

.001748252 

.001644737 

1 

.001862197 

5+3- 

.001745201 

.001642036 

.001858736 

3TT 

.00174216 

6  10 

.001639344 

33  9 

.001855288 

.00173913 

ATT 
oil 

.001636661 

1 

'5T0 

.001851852 

.001736111 

6T2' 

.001633987 

541 

.001848429 

5Y'f 

.001733102 

«TT 
6  13 

.001631321 

54  2 

.001845018 

5T8- 

.001730104 

614 

.001628664 

54  3 

.001841621 

5T^ 

.001727116 

6  15 

.001626016 

5  4  4 

.001838235 

■"in 

.001724138 

6  16 

.001623377 

_1 
5  4  5 

.001834262 

1 

.00172117 

_1 
6  iT 

.001620746 

5  4  t) 

.001831502 

.001718213 

6  18 

.001618123 

TXT 
5  4  7 

.001828154 

.001715266 

619 

.001615509 

5  4  8 

.001824818 

.001712329 

6  2  0 

.001612903 

.001821494 

1  _ 

.001709402 

'6  2T 

.001610306 

5  5  0 

.001818182 

.001706485 

'62'^ 

.001607717 

Fir 

.001814882 

1 

.001703578 

6  2  3 

.001605136 

.001811594 

.00170068 

_1 
6  2T 

.001602564 

.001808318 

.001697793 

6  2  5 

.0016 

.001805054 

.001694915 

_1_ 
6  2  6 

.001597444 

sir 

.001801802 

1 

5"9T 

.001692047 

_i 

.001594896 

Th 

.001798561 

.001689189 

!il 

6  2  8 

.001592357 

^  1 

"5  5  7 

.001795332 

0  y  J 

.001686341 

6  2^ 

.001589825 

6T¥ 

.001792115 

6~4 

.001683502 

6  3  0 

.001587302 

.001788909 

Fg3" 

.001680672 

6  3  1 

.001584786 

5T0 

.001785714 

o  y  D 

.001677852 

.001582278 

1 

F5T 

.001782531 

1 

5TT 

.001675042 

.001579779 

1 

5  6"2' 

001779359 

1 

5  y  8 

.001672241 

6"¥¥ 

.001577287 

si's" 

.001776199 

.001669449 

1 

6  33" 

.001574803 

.00177305 

1 

60^ 

.001666667 

6J6 

.001572327 

5  65 

.001769912 

.001663894 

,001569859 

.001766784 

.00166113 

1 

638 

.001567398 

1 

5"B"T 

.001763668 

.001658375 

1_ 

63  9 

.001564945 

.001760563 

.001655629 

.0015625 

254     MODEKN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Conii?iwe(^. 


r  rJiCtlOD 

• 

ijecinicil 

Ju  raction 

Decimal 

_r  raction 

Decimal 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

64T 

.001560062 

67  J 

.001477105 

713 

.001402525 

6"1"2 

.001557632 

1 

678 

.001474926 

1 

7l¥ 

.00140056 

_1_ 
6?3 

.00155521 

¥79^ 

.001472754 

1 
7l3" 

.001398601 

1 

.001552795 

"6  "80 

.001470588 

716 

.001396648 

6  4  5 

.001550388 

'B""8"T 

.001468429 

7l7 

.0013947 

.001547988 

¥¥2" 

.001466276 

1 

718 

.001392758 

1 

6¥T 

.001545595 

1 

6  8  3 

.001464129 

1 

7l  9 

.001390821 

.00154321 

1 

6  8T 

.001461988 

1 

720 

.001388889 

6"¥9" 

.001540832 

6  8'5 

.001459854 

72  1 

.001386963 

1 

e'S'o 

.001538462 

1 

6  8  6 

.001457726 

7"2"2 

.001385042 

1 

G  5  1 

.001536098 

"6""8"T 

.001455604 

72  3 

.001383126 

1 

6  5  2 

.001533742 

"6  8"  "8 

.001453488 

1 

72I" 

.001381215 

1 

6  5  3 

.001531394 

6"8""9 

.001451379 

72  5 

.00137931 

6  5  4 

.001529052 

16  9^0" 

.001449275 

7"2'S' 

.00137741 

6  5  5 

.001526718 

6""9T 

.001447178 

727 

.001375516 

6"5  6^ 

.00152439 

"6  9^^ 

.001415087 

72¥ 

.001373626 

6  5  7 

.00152207 

1 

6  9  3 

.001443001 

72"9 

.001371742 

1 

6  5  8 

.001519751 

.001440922 

1 

73  0 

.001369863 

6"ST 

.001517451 

1 

6  9'5" 

.001438849 

73  1 

.001367989 

6  60 

.001515152 

1 

6  9  6 

.001436782 

7'3""2 

.00136612 

6  6  1 

.001512859 

"S"¥7 

.00143472 

7¥"3 

.001364256 

1 

6  6  2 

.001510574 

1 

6  9  8 

.001432665 

73  4 

.001362398 

1 

6  6  3 

.001508296 

1 

6  9  9 

.001430615 

1 

73  5 

.001360544 

1 

6  61" 

.001506024 

1 

700 

.001428571 

YTQ 

.001358696 

663^ 

001503759 

1 

70  1 

.001426534 

737 

.001356852 

6  6¥ 

.001501502 

1 

7o  2 

.001424501 

7"3"¥ 

.001355014 

667 

.00149925 

1 

70  3 

.001422475 

73  9 

.00135318 

6^6  8 

.001497006 

7o? 

.001420455 

1 

YTO 

.001351351 

eh 

.001494768 

.00141844 

Tit 

.001349528 

-l- 

670 

7o¥ 

00141 64.^1 

i 

74'2' 

.001347709 

1 

67T 

.001490313 

7i7 

.001414427 

I 

743 

.001345895 

672 

.001488095 

1 

708 

.001412429 

774 

.001344086 

1 

^73 

.001485884 

fi-^ 

.001410437 

1 

7"4T 

.001342282 

1 

¥7T 

.00148368 

7T0 

.001408451 

74^ 

.001340483 

.001481481 

.00140647 

1 

TTT 

.001338688 

.00147929 

.001404494 

1 

T4¥ 

.001336898 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS.  255 


RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Cowimwec?. 


Fraction 

X)ecimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

N^umber. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

.001335113 

ri^ 

.001273885 

8  2  r 

.001218027 

,001333333 

.001272265 

ig  2  2' 

.001216545 

rh 

.001331558 

IWT 

.001270648 

8  2  5 

.001215067 

.001329787  • 

TWS 

.001269036 

8^4 

.001213592 

7  5  3 

.001328021 

7  8^ 

.001267427 

■6  25" 

.001212121 

7  5  4 

.00132626 

.001265823 

.001210654 

y  5  5 

.001324503 

T5T 

.001264223 

F2T 

.00120919 

7  5  'g 

.001322751 

1 

.001262626 

8  2  i' 

.001207729 

V  5  7" 

.001321004 

7  9  3 

.001261034 

8  2^ 

.001206273 

ToT 

.001319261 

fir 

,001259446 

,001204819 

7  5  9" 

.001317523 

.001257862 

■^ir 

,001203369 

.001315789 

TTS 

.001256281 

.001201923 

yfr 

.00131406 

7  9  7" 

.001254705 

¥^ 

.00120048 

7  ^  2" 

.001312336 

7  9  8 

,001253133 

sT?" 

.001199041 

.001310616 

7  9^" 

.001251364 

TJF 

.001197605 

7  g  4 

.001308901 

8  Q  "(J 

.00125 

"OK 

.001196172 

7  65 

.00130719 

■goT 

.001248439 

F3T 

.001194743 

7  6'5 

.001305483 

8  0 '2" 

.001246883 

T3"g" 

.001193317 

rh- 

.001303781 

8  0  "5' 

.00124533 

8  39 

.00n91895 

7  6  g 

.001302083 

8  0  4 

.001243781 

"8  4  0' 

.001190476 

7  6  9 

.00130039 

8  05" 

.001242236 

^ir 

.001189061 

7^0 

.001298701 

.001240695 

;  .001187648 

tIt 

.001297017 

8  0  7" 

.001239157 

.00118624 

7  7  2 

.001295337 

8  0  8' 

.001237624 

:  ..001184834 

.001293661 

8  0  9" 

.001236094 

f 

.001183432 

7  7  4 

.00129199 

8  1  "(J" 

.001234568 

.001182033 

rfy 

.001290323 

sir 

.001233046 

.001180638 

.00128866 

8  12" 

.001231527 

.001179245 

T7T 

.001287001 

FTT 

.001230012; 

'  ¥¥¥ 

.001177856 

.001285347 

TTT 

.001228501 

1 

.001176471 

^ 

.001283697 

•STT 

.00122^4 

TFT 

.001175088 

T8lT 

.001282051 

STET 

.001225499 

.001173709 

TTT 

.00128041 

FIT 

.0012^99 

.001172333 

.001278772 

TTB" 

.001222494 

.00117096 

Tsir 

.001277139 

.001221001 

.001169591 

.00127551 

.001219512 

.001168224 

256     MODERN  MOULDING  AND  PATTERN-MAKING. 


RECIPROCALS  OF  NUMBERS,  —  Con«m?ied. 


Fraction 

X)ecimal 

if  raction 

JDecimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

or 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

TTS  7 

.001166861 

1 

.001119821 

1 

.001076426 

J^J 

.001165501 

.001118568 

.001075269 

.001164144 

l97 

.001117818 

¥¥T 

.001074114 

.001162791 

.001116071 

'5"3'2' 

.001072961 

"S^T 

.00116144 

.001114827 

¥3  3 

,001071811 

.001160093 

.001113586 

¥3"? 

.001070664 

T^T 

.001158749 

.001112347 

¥^7 

.001069519 

.001157407 

.001111111 

¥3 

.001068376 

.001156069 

.001109878 

¥^7 

.001067236 

.001154734 

.001108647 

¥3^1 

.001066098 

.001153403 

.00110742 

¥^¥ 

.001064963 

.001152074 

Ale 

.001106195 

¥4  0 

.00106383 

.001150748 

W5" 

.001104972 

1 

.001062699 

T^'U 

.001149425 

.001103753 

.001061571 

.001148106 

"5^7 

.001102536 

¥TT 

.001060445 

.001146789 

.001101322 

¥TJ 

.001059322 

.001145475 

.00110011 

¥T5^ 

.001058201 

At 

.001144165 

.001098901 

9  4  5 

.001057082 

.001142857 

911 

.001091695 

1 

.001055966 

'S'7'5' 

.001141553 

.001096491 

.001054852 

77  7 

.001140251 

'5'T'S" 

.00109529 

i 

¥4¥ 

.001053741 

Att 

8  7  8 

.001138952 

.001094092 

9  5TT 

.001052632 

?^7  9 

.001187656 

9T& 

.001092896 

-air 

.001051525 

.001136364 

.001091703 

^5  2 

.00105042 

.001135074 

.001090513 

.001049318 

8  8  2 

.001133787 

.001089325 

9  5  4 

.001048218 

.001132503 

Av 

.001088139 

95  6 

.00104712 

A-r 

.001131222 

AlS 

.001086957 

.001046025 

.001129944 

.001085776 

.001044932 

001 1 2S6fi8 

¥f  ^ 

001084599 

001043841 

.001127396 

.001083423 

.001042753 

sis 

.001126126 

Ai 

.001082251 

¥irT^ 

.001041667 

jis 

.001124859 

As 

.001081081 

.001040583 

ji^ 

.001123596 

^i^ 

.001079914 

¥iir 

.001039501 

yir 

.001122334 

Aj 

.001078749 

¥i^T 

.001038422 

Ai 

.001121076 

Aj 

.001077586 

.001037344 

DECIMAL  EQUIVALENTS.  257 


RECIPROCALS  OF  li^miBEUS,  — Concluded. 


Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Fraction 

Decimal 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

Number. 

Reciprocal. 

i_ 

001 09*^ '^11 

1 

001 01 1 1 99 

OOIO^'SIQ? 
•  Uv±UOt^ -11/  1 

WTS 

001  ( \99AQ^ 

¥90 

001010101 

001  O^J.1 9f\ 

001 091  zf^ 

1 

001 000089 

968 

001 0'^^O^ft 

1 

980 

001 09040ft 

1 

001 OOftOfi^ 

.001031992 

¥8T 

.001019168 

.001007049 

9  7  0 

.001030928 

1 

9  8  2 

.00101833 

.001006036 

.001029866 

.001017294 

.001005025 

.001028807 

1 

¥84 

.00101626 

¥¥¥ 

.001004016 

FTJ 

.001027749 

■9TS' 

.001015228 

.001003009 

.001026694 

~9fc 

.001014199 

■git 

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ABBOT,  Maj.  HENRY  L— Siege  Artillery  against  Richmond. 

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4 


D,  VAN  NOSTRANUS  CATALOGUE, 


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CALDWELL,  Prof.  GEO.  C,  and  BRENEMAN,  Prof.  A.  A.-Man- 
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CASEY,  Brig.-Gen.  SILAS.— U.  S.  Infantry  Tactics. 

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CHAUVENET,  Prof.  W.— New  Method  of  Correcting  Lunar  Dis- 
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CLARKE,  T.  C— Description  of  the  Iron  Railway  Bridge  over  the 
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D.  VAN  NOSTRAND'S  CATALOGUE, 


CORNWALL,  Prof.  H.  B— Manual  of  Blow-Pipe  Analysis,  Quali- 
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CULLUM,  Col.  GEORGE  W.— Military  Bridges. 

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DOUGLASS,  Prof.  S.  H.,  and  PEESCOTT,  Prof.  A.  B.— Qualitative 
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DUANE,  Gen.  J.  C.—Manual  for  Engineering  Troops. 

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DUFOUR,  Gen.  G.  H.— The  Principles  of  Strategy  and  Grand 
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D.  VAN  NOSTRANUS  CATALOGUE. 


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GRUNER,  M.  L  — The  Manufacture  of  Steel. 

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HOLLEY,  ALEXANDER  L— A  Treatise  on  Ordnance  and  Armor. 

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11 


INSTRUCTIONS  FOR  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

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JANNETTAZ,  EDWARD.— A  Guide  to  tlie  Determination  of 
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KING,  W.  H.—Lessons  and  Practical  Notes  on  Steam, 

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MOTT,  H.  A.,  Jr.— A  Practical  Treatise  on  Chemistry 

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NOBLE,  W.  H.-Useful  Tables. 

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NUGENT,  E.— Treatise  on  Optics; 

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ORDNANCE  INSTRUCTIONS    FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 
NAVY. 

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ORDRONAUX,  JOHN.— Manual  for  Military  Surgeons. 

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16  D.  VAN  mSTRAND'S  CATALOGUE, 


PARKER,  Commodore  FOXHALL  A.,  U.  S.  N.— Squadron  Tactics 
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PEIRCE,  B.— System  of  Analytic  Mechanics. 

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PLANE  TABLE,  The. 

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PLATTNER.— Manual  of  Qualitative  and  Quantitative  Analysis 
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